2009年拉奎拉地震后柔层机制的初步分析

对2009年4月6日阿布鲁佐地震造成的破坏观察表明,填充墙和钢筋混凝土结构之间局部的相互作用会产生柔层机制和脆性破坏。目前的实例研究成果是基于对佩蒂诺地区地震破坏观察的基础上进行的。建立了以模拟设计程序为基础的分析模型,并采用时程分析验证了由观察破坏所凸现出的结构倒塌的原因。通过考虑地面运动的所有分量,对这种破坏机制进行了研究。注意了砖砌块填充墙的非线性性能,考虑了填充墙力学性能的两个参数的假定,给出了表现这些非结构构件典型特征的不确定性。用三支撑杆宏观模型对填充墙进行非线性模拟,以考虑钢筋混凝土框架和填充墙之间局部和整体的相互作用。地震波输入是所研究结构附近在主震期间记录的真实信号。在评估中,选用了不同的抗剪承载力模型。分析结果似乎非常近似地证实了破坏观察所发现的主要类似倒塌情景;柱子缺乏合适的细部设计使得填充墙和钢筋混凝土柱之间的局部相互作用和地面运动的强烈垂直分量是造成脆性破坏的主要原因。     

Macrobenthic community response to copper in Shelter Island Yacht Basin, San Diego Bay, California

We examined Cu contamination effects on macrobenthic communities and Cu concentration in invertebrates within Shelter Island Yacht Basin, San Diego Bay, California. Results indicate that at some sites, Cu in sediment has exceeded a threshold for “self defense” mechanisms and highlight the potential negative impacts on benthic faunal communities where Cu accumulates and persists in sediments. At sites with elevated Cu levels in sediment, macrobenthic communities were not only less diverse but also their total biomass and body size (individual biomass) were reduced compared to sites with lower Cu. Cu concentration in tissue varied between species and within the same species, reflecting differing abilities to “regulate” their body load. The spatial complexity of Cu effects in a small marina such as SIYB emphasizes that sediment-quality criteria based solely on laboratory experiments should be used with caution, as they do not necessarily reflect the condition at the community and ecosystem levels.     

Plastic ingestion in Franciscana dolphins, Pontoporia blainvillei (Gervais and d'Orbigny, 1844), from Argentina

Plastic debris (PD) ingestion was examined in 106 Franciscana dolphins (Pontoporia blainvillei) incidentally captured in artisanal fisheries of the northern coast of Argentina. Twenty-eight percent of the dolphins presented PD in their stomach, but no ulcerations or obstructions were recorded in the digestive tracts. PD ingestion was more frequent in estuarine (34.6%) than in marine (19.2%) environments, but the type of debris was similar. Packaging debris (cellophane, bags, and bands) was found in 64.3% of the dolphins, with a lesser proportion (35.7%) ingesting fishery gear fragments (monofilament lines, ropes, and nets) or of unknown sources (25.0%). PD ingestion correlated with ontogenetic changes in feeding regimes, reaching maximum values in recently weaned dolphins. Because a simultaneous increase in gillnet entanglement and the bioaccumulation of heavy metals take place at this stage, the first months after trophic independence should be considered as a key phase for the conservation of Franciscana dolphin stocks in northern Argentina.     

New threats of an old enemy: the distribution of the shipworm Teredo navalis L. (Bivalvia: Teredinidae) related to climate change in the Port of Rotterdam area, the Netherlands

The effects of four climate change scenarios for the Netherlands on the distribution of the shipworm upstream of the Rhine-Meuse estuary are described. Global warming will cause dry and warmer summers and decreased river discharges. This will extend the salinity gradient upstream in summer and fall and may lead to attacks on wooden structures by the shipworm. Scenarios including one or two degree temperature increases by 2050 compared to 1990 with a weak change in the air circulation over Europe will lead to an increased chance of shipworm damage upstream from once in 36 years to once in 27 or 22 years, respectively; however, under a strong change in air circulation, the chance of shipworm damage increases to once in 6 or 3 years, respectively. The upstream expansion of the distribution of the shipworm will also be manifested in other northwest European estuaries and will be even stronger in southern Europe.     

The relationship between the concentrations and distribution of organic pollutants and black carbon content in benthic sediments in the Gulf of Gdańsk, Baltic Sea

The influence of the sediment’s physico-chemical properties and black carbon content, on the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in benthic sediments of the Gulf of Gdansk (Baltic Sea) was determined. Sediments from port, marine dump site of dredged spoils, the Vistula river mouth, Gdansk Deep were selected.The concentrations of ∑PAHs (fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(ah)anthracene, benzo(ghi)perylene) were 294-2200 ng/g d.w. and for ∑PCBs (28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180) were 2.4-11.3 ng/g d.w.The sediments content of loss on ignition was 1.13-16.15%, total organic carbon was 0.89-7.15%, black carbon was 0.20-1.15%. The highest correlation coefficient values (r = 0.76-0.92, p < 0.05) for a relationship between the concentrations of organic pollutants, and organic matter, organic and black carbon contents were obtained in harbor sediments with low content of organic matter (<5%) and high share of black carbon in total carbon (up to 40%).     

Integrated use of biomarkers in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis for assessing off-shore gas platforms in the Adriatic Sea: results of a two-year biomonitoring program

Despite a large number of gas platforms existing in the Adriatic Sea, which is a semi-enclosed basin characterized by a slow turnover rate and increasing industrial as well as other anthropogenic activities, the effects of these structures on the aquatic ecosystem require further investigation. Since 1998, multidisciplinary studies have been performed by CNR-ISMAR to comply with legislation and to support the development of protocols for the monitoring of offshore activities in the Adriatic Sea. The present study was developed to implement a biomonitoring plan to assess the ecotoxicological effects of the extraction activities of an off-shore gas platform. Biomarkers were evaluated in mussels collected from the platform in relation to physiological stress, DNA damage, cellular damage, oxidative stress and exposure effects. Organic contaminants and trace element bioaccumulation were also assessed in the soft body of the mussels to correlate bioaccumulation of pollutants with biomarker responses. The results indicate an absence of platform-related environmental stress.     

A linear regression model (LRM) for groundwater chemistry in and around the Vaniyambadi industrial area, Tamil Nadu, India

A linear regression model in conjunction with cluster analysis was applied to the groundwater quality parameters for the Vaniyambadi industrial area, Tamil Nadu, India. These physico-chemical parameters were collected from 25 wells by intensive groundwater sampling conducted during January 2010. All the major ions, pH and electrical conductivity were analyzed. The abundances of cations were in the order of Na 相似文献   

A Review of the Tetrapod Track Record in China,with Special Reference to Type Ichnospecies:Implications for Ichnotaxonomy and Paleobiology

<正>"Splitting" and "lumping" are perpetual problems in vertebrate,especially dinosaur, ichnotaxonomy.Chinese dinosaur ichnotaxonomy,which began in 1940,provides a series of interesting case studies,highlighting the dual problems of historical and dubious ichnotaxonomy. Chinese Mesozoic tetrapod track types have been placed into 63 ichnospecies(one Triassic,28 Jurassic,and 34 Cretaceous),exclusive of other,non-type ichnospecies or ichnotaxa identified from China.Fifty-two(～83%) of these 63 tetrapod ichnospecies were placed in monospecific ichnogenera. At the ichnogenus level,we prune—either by recognizing nomina dubia or by synonymy—17 from the list of 53 dinosaurian ichnogenera(a 32%reduction),leaving 36 ichnotaxa that we consider valid. Most of the cuts affect Jurassic theropod ichnotaxa,which are reduced from 23 to only nine because most ichnogenera are subjective junior synonyms of Grallator and Eubrontes.Fewer Chinese Cretaceous ichnotaxa(only six of 21 ichnogenera) are obvious nomina dubia or subjective synonyms, suggesting greater east Asian endemism during this time.Because ichnospecies differences are subtle, we provisionally retain ichnospecies as valid pending detailed comparative analyses of congeneric ichnospecies.This synthesis is long overdue and is necessary to address problems of historical and provincial ichnotaxonomy,which severely hamper comparisons of tetrapod ichnofaunas in space and time.     

撞击坑统计技术在行星表面定年应用中的误区

撞击坑大小-频率统计技术在其理论基础与实际应用中存在一定的局限性,且尚未引起国内外行星地质学界的广泛关注.使用该技术分析行星表面的年龄时,应注意:(1)由于晚期大轰击事件的存在,该技术不能用于估算内太阳系天体表面老于~38亿年的地质体的年龄;(2)由于内、外太阳系的撞击历史不同,不能直接使用月球上的撞击坑的产生方程估算外太阳系天体表面地质单元的绝对模式年龄;(3)由于二次撞击坑的干扰,须谨慎使用小撞击坑统计估算年龄;(4)分析撞击坑统计的结果前,首先需分析统计区的饱和状态;(5)避免使用太阳入射角小的影像数据统计撞击坑,避免选择地形复杂的区域作为统计区.另外,建议优先使用相对分布法、并结合累积分布法分析撞击坑统计的结果.