Ground-Based In Situ Measurements of Near-Surface Aerosol Mass Concentration over Anantapur: Heterogeneity in Source Impacts

Surface measurements of aerosol physical properties were made at Anantapur(14.62°N,77.65 °E,331 m a.s.l),a semiarid rural site in India,during August 2008-July 2009.Measurements included the segregated sizes of aerosolsas as well as total mass concentration and size distributions of aerosols measured at low relative humidity(RH<75%) using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance(QCM) in the 25-0.05 μm aerodynamic diameter range.The hourly average total surface aerosol mass concentration in a day varied from 15 to 70 μg m-3,with a mean value of 34.02±9.05μgm-3 for the entire study period.A clear diurnal pattern appeared in coarse,accumulation and nucleation-mode particle concentrations,with two local maxima occurring in early morning and late evening hours.The concentration of coarse-mode particles was high during the summer season,with a maximum concentration of 11.81±0.98μgm-3 in the month of April,whereas accumulationmode concentration was observed to be high in the winter period contributed >68% to the total aerosol mass concentration.Accumulation aerosol mass fraction,A f(=Ma/Mt) was highest during winter(mean value of Af～0.80) and lowest(Af～0.64) during the monsoon season.The regression analysis shows that both R eff and R m are dependent on coarse-mode aerosols.The relationship between the simultaneous measurements of daily mean aerosol optical depth at 500 nm(AOD500) and PM 2.5 mass concentration([PM2.5]) shows that surface-level aerosol mass concentration increases with the increase in columnar aerosol optical depth over the observation period.     

Characteristics of urban heat island effect in Lhasa City

This paper analyzes the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect in Lhasa City of Tibet using meteorological observations, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Land Surface Temperature (LST) data obtained from Earth Observing System/Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (EOS/MODIS) information, and correlation and composite analyses. The results show: (1) Areas with high temperature are primarily located in the center of the city or nearby counties, while low temperature areas are in the suburbs of counties. The area with high temperature has expanded in recent years and some high-temperature centers have even migrated to certain other regions. (2) The UHI intensity tends to be stronger both in annual and seasonal variations, especially in winter. Also, LST is somewhat positively related to mean air temperature. (3) A negative correlation exists between the changes of LST and NDVI with the increase of vegetation from urban to rural areas in different seasons. (4) The UHI intensity is negatively correlated with precipitation while positively correlated with wind speed, and the relation between the UHI intensity and evaporation varies with the seasons, namely, the intensity is positively correlated with summer evaporation but negatively correlated with winter evaporation. (5) UHI intensity might be enhanced by intensified urbanization, wherein built-up areas expand, there is increased heat from human activity, and there is more artificial heat input to the atmosphere.     

联邦德国巴伐利亚州农业地区的土地整治

一、概述朕邦德国巴伐利亚州总面积700万公顷(27238平方英里),总人口1100万人,其中600多万人居住在乡村地区,近500万人生活在这个城市聚团中。土地整治工作虽然主要是在农村地区进行的,但在城市聚团内还保留着乡村面貌的地区也在进行。因此,土地整治直接和间接影响的人口大大超过600万人。     

The Structure of A Turbulent Jet in A Crossfiow--Effect of Jet-Crossfiow Velocity

A comprehensive numerical study on the three-dimensional structure of a turbulent jet in crossflow is performed. Thejet-to-crossflow velocity ratio (R) varies in the range of 2 ～ 16; both vertical jets and inclined jets without excess streamwisemomentum are considered. The numerical results of the standard two-equation k-~ model show that the turbulent structurecan be broadly categorised according to the jet-to-crossflow velocity ratio. For strong to moderate jet discharges, i.e. R &gt;4, the jet is characterized by a longitudinal transition through a bent-over phase during which the jet becomes almost parallelwith the main freestream, to a sectional vortex-pair flow with double concentration maxima; the computed flow details andscalar mixing characteristics can be described by self-similar relations beyond a dimensionless distance of around 20 ～ 60.The similarity coefficients are only weakly dependent on R. The cross-section scalar field is kidney-shaped and bifurcated,with distinct double concentration maxima; the aspect ratio is found to be around 1.2. A loss in vertical momentum is ob-served and the added mass coefficient of the jet motion is found to be approximately 1. On the other hand, for weak jets instrong crossflow, i.e. R≤ 2, the lee of the jet is characterized by a negative pressure region. Although the double vortexflow can still be noted, the scalar field becomes more symmetrical and no longer bifurcated. The similarity coeffcients are al-so noticeably different. The predicted jet flow characteristics and mixing rates are well supported by experimental and field data     

边缘化与工业变化——对国家、工厂和人民的影响

本文试图陈述“边缘化”如何顺应关于“不平衡”、“空间与极化的增长”等多文献潮流首先,我们必须记住,可能在空间所表现的不平衡,并不一定是空间现象的本身,按安德森(Andrson,1983)等关于所谓工业衰退的“内城问题”的注解说:“这并不是……由于内城地点的原因而产生了问题,也不能从更广泛的社会过程中如普遍的经济危机不断变化的世界劳动分工等现象中,孤立地在本地区内寻求解决办法。”     

THE CONSTRUCTION OF SIMULTANEOUS OPTIMAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS FOR SEVERAL POLYNOMIALS IN THE CALIBRATION OF ANALYTICAL METHODS

In this paper a criterion is described for the construction of experimental designs for the evaluation ofcalibration models in analytical chemistry.The proposed criterion seeks a compromise between theD-optimal designs for estimating the parameters of different polynomial models.A computer algorithmis presented for a sequential construction of experimental designs using the optimality criterion.Theperformance of the optimality criterion and the computer algorithm is elaborated for the problem ofdiscrimination between a first-to a third-degree polynomial for the calibration of analytical methods.Anexperimental design consisting of replicate measurements at five distinct levels equally spaced over thecalibration range proved a good solution.     

约旦首都安曼城市化的农业地理效应

1.安曼市的扩展及其对周围农业生产的影响 1887年至1924年间安曼城的缓慢变迁导致并意味着当时移民的居住地并没有固定的边界,所以在水源和火车站附近自发地建造了许多新建筑。这个时期的景象所表现出的都是农村建筑风格。这些建筑的所有权归农民和半游牧民族。安曼一小溪流动的马哈塔和拉斯阿尔艾纳之间的河谷逐渐成为城市中心。然而在这个中心区则再也不能从事农业生产了。     

Gold-Platinoid Mineralization of Metasomatically Altered Ultramafites in Precambrian Protrusions of Mamynsky Geoblok

On the contiguous territories of Russia and Chi-na,along the left and right banks of the Amur Riv-er (Heilongjiang Province of China,and Amur Oblast' of Russia),among the Late Mesozoic ter-rigenous and volcano-plutonic formations,several Precambrian prot…