在计算机辅助的矿物鉴定中应用常规的光学观测

本世纪后半叶,由于X射线衍射技术及微束仪器(如电子探针)的广泛使用,使得在矿物鉴定中光学性质的应用变得黠然失色了.然而,在有经验的矿物学家手中,光学显微镜在快速鉴定大多数常见矿物和矿物结构特征(这对岩石成因解释至关重要)方面仍不失为最有力的工具.数字图象技术的新进展不久将与光学观测相结合以便进行结构特征的定量测定和快速模式分析.在所有这些应用中,正确的矿物鉴定仍然是最关键的.借助现代计算机的功能可以增进熟练专业人员的技能,对于缺乏经验者也可以大大增加光学技术的效用.原来设想的Minident数据库和程序(Smith及Leibovitz,1986)是一种以分析数据为基础的矿物鉴定工具,这些分析数据可以是从电子探针或从配有X射线Si(Li)探头的扫描电镜     

德国北部博克罗(Bokeloh)及海尼克森(Hnigsen)-瓦特林根(Wathlingen)盐丘的上覆岩层

<正> 在过去的五十年里,人们在德国北部盐底辟分布范围内,用冷冻法开拓了两口新竖井。一口位于博克罗盐丘上,为西格蒙特哈尔(Sigmundhall)钾盐矿的考伦费尔德(Kolen-feld)通风进(1966～1968);另一口位于海尼克森-瓦特林根盐丘上,为下萨克森-里德尔(Niedersachsen-Riedel)钾盐-石盐矿的里德尔(Riedel)通风井(1980～1981)。本文论述的是     

Hyperthermophilic life at deep-sea hydrothermal vents

The discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents in 1977 considerably modified the views on deep-sea biology. For the first time, an ecosystem totally based on primary production achieved by chemosynthetic bacteria was discovered. Besides the warm vents where dense invertebrate communities and their symbiotic bacteria are located, the "black smokers" venting fluids at temperatures up to 350 degrees C were also investigated by microbiologists. Several strains of hyperthermophilic Archaea (methanogens, sulfate-reducers, sulfur-reducers) were isolated from smokers and surrounding materials. Deep-sea isolates that have been totally described, have been assigned to new species, within genera previously found in coastal geothermally heated environments. However, some species appear to exist in both deep and shallow ecosystems. Some deep-sea hyperthermophiles appear to be adapted to hydrostatic pressure and showed a barophilic response. The distribution of hyperthermophiles in the hot ecosystems of the planet, and their adaptation to pressure are presented and discussed.     

Exobiology, the study of the origin, evolution and distribution of life within the context of cosmic evolution: a review

The primary goal of exobiological research is to reach a better understanding of the processes leading to the origin, evolution and distribution of life on Earth or elsewhere in the universe. In this endeavour, scientists from a wide variety of disciplines are involved, such as astronomy, planetary research, organic chemistry, palaeontology and the various subdisciplines of biology including microbial ecology and molecular biology. Space technology plays an important part by offering the opportunity for exploring our solar system, for collecting extraterrestrial samples, and for utilizing the peculiar environment of space as a tool. Exobiological activities include comparison of the overall pattern of chemical evolution of potential precursors of life, in the interstellar medium, and on the planets and small bodies of our solar system; tracing the history of life on Earth back to its roots; deciphering the environments of the planets in our solar system and of their satellites, throughout their history, with regard to their habitability; searching for other planetary systems in our Galaxy and for signals of extraterrestrial civilizations; testing the impact of space environment on survivability of resistant life forms. This evolutionary approach towards understanding the phenomenon of life in the context of cosmic evolution may eventually contribute to a better understanding of the processes regulating the interactions of life with its environment on Earth.     

基于ALOS-PALSAR卫星数据对青藏高原东缘龙日坝断裂带地表构造伸展的研究及其大地构造指示意义

龙日坝断裂带位于青藏高原最东缘,呈北东-南西向延伸,平行于其东侧的龙门山断裂带,二者大约相距150 km。与龙门山断裂带不同的是,龙日坝断裂带在青藏高原东缘相关GPS测量中表现为一明显的速度梯度带,说明龙日坝断裂带可能具有很重要的构造属性。然而有关龙日坝断裂带的地表结构构造延伸问题一直悬而未决,目前还存在许多的争议,这在一定程度上也阻碍了我们对青藏高原东缘相对于印度-欧亚板块碰撞地球动力学响应的了解。在本次研究中,我们将首次采用ALOS-PALSAR卫星数据,并结合地表地质和前人的地球物理学研究成果,来监测与龙日坝断裂带的构造活动相关的细微地表形变,并由此控制龙日坝断裂带的延伸范围。研究结果表明,龙日坝断裂带与其西南侧的抚边河断裂带相交且近乎垂直,而非前人研究所认为的龙日坝断裂带延伸至其西缘的鲜水河断裂带。综合研究结果也为了解龙日坝断裂带的大地构造属性提供了数据支持。     

Hydrogeochemical and Isotopic Study of Groundwater in a Semi-arid Region: Yeniceoba Plain (Cihanbeyli-KONYA), Central Anatolia,Turkey

Groundwater is the most important source of water supply in the Yeniceoba Plain in Central Anatolia,Turkey.An understanding of the geochemical evolution of groundwater is important for the sustainable development of water resources in this region.A hydrogeochemical investigation was conducted in the Plio-Quaternary aquifer system using stable isotopes(δ~(18)O andδD),tritium(~3H),major and minor elements(Ca,Na,K,Mg,Cl,SO_4,NO_3,HCO_3 and Br)in order to identify groundwater chemistry patterns and the processes affecting groundwater mineralization in this system.The chemical data reveal that the chemical composition of groundwater in this aquifer system is mainly controlled by rock/water interactions including dissolution of evaporitic minerals,weathering of silicates,precipitation/dissolution of carbonates,ion exchange,and evaporation.Based on the values of Cl/Br ratio(300 mg/l)in the Plio-Quaternary groundwater,dissolution of evaporitic minerals in aquifer contributes significantly to the high mineralization.The stable isotope analyses indicate that the groundwater in the system was influenced by evaporation of rainfall during infiltration.Low tritium values(generally1 tritium units)of groundwater reflect a minor contribution of recent recharge and groundwater residence times of more than three or four decades.     

使用威斯特波克射电望远镜对古代东方“客星”射电遗迹的探测

作者使用威斯特波克射电望远镜在610兆赫频率上对古代东方天文学家观测到的“客星”的七个视场区(1~o.5×1~o.5)进行了射电遗迹的巡天探测,结果没有发现弥漫射电辐射。本文给出了在这些视场区中的分立射电源的表,表中列出作者提出的这些射电源|b|<15°以內的光学证认。     

A NEW METHOD OF PRESENTING PALZEOGEOGRAPHIC MAPS.

One of the most practical developments in methods of teaching historical geology during the last two decades is the wide use of palaeogeographic maps. As an increasing mass of data bearing on the conditions of past periods of the Earth's history has become available through detailed     

国外天然气水合物研究现状及发展趋势

以欧洲地球科学协会(EGU)2003年度联合学术大会中的天然气水合物讨论会文献资料为基础综述而成。此次会议共提交有关天然气水合物的文章100多篇。按调查技术创新、理论和实验研究以及资源评价技术等内容做一简述。     

黑潮海域海洋异常加热对后期北半球大气环流影响的分析

计算了黑潮海域海洋异常加热与后期1—12个月北半球大气环流的时滞相关，分析了二者的相关关系。结果表明，海洋异常加热对后期半年到一年北半球大气环流场有重要影响。当黑潮海域海洋异常多加热时，后期半球范围内大气环流的经向度将趋减小，反之则趋加强。在分析相关场演变的基础上，讨论了上述时滞关系的可能物理过程，指出黑潮海域海洋异常加热对后期下游大气环流型的影响，是通过改变中纬大气与高纬极地大气之间温度和位势高度梯度，进而影响后期下游大气环流型来实现的。