Is the forward problem of ground water hydrology always well posed?

Complex aquifer systems are often modeled with quasi-three-dimensional models, which consider two-dimensional horizontal flow in the aquifers and one-dimensional vertical flow through aquitards. When the aquifer system consists of a phreatic aquifer and one or more semiconfined aquifers connected by aquitards, the discrete model consists of a nonlinear system of algebraic equations, because the transmissivity of the phreatic aquifer depends on the phreatic head. If the water extraction is very high, the phreatic aquifer can be depleted and the equations of the model must be modified accordingly. There are not simple and general criteria to state if the phreatic aquifer is depleted before solving the system of equations. Therefore, the iterative procedures (e.g., relaxation methods), used to find the solution to the forward problem, must handle these particular conditions and can suffer several problems of convergence. These problems can be caused by the choice of the initial head values or of the relaxation coefficient of the iterative algorithms; however, they can also be caused by the nonexistence or nonuniqueness of the solution to the system of nonlinear equations. The study of existence and uniqueness of the general problem is very difficult and, therefore, we consider a simplified problem, for which the discrete model can be handled analytically. The results of the numerical experiments show that the solution to the forward problem can be nonunique. Only for some cases it is possible to invoke physical arguments to eliminate tentative solutions.     

Oxidative stress in the mussel Mytella guyanensis from polluted mangroves on Santa Catarina Island,Brazil

Digestive glands of the mangrove mussel Mytella guyanensis, collected at one non-polluted site (site 1) and two polluted sites (sites 2 and 3), were analysed for different antioxidant defenses, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine levels were enhanced at the polluted sites. With the exception of superoxide dismutase, the activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase were also higher at the polluted sites. Greater increases were observed in glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase and etoxyresorufine-O-deethylase activities at the polluted sites. Conversely, reduced glutathione content was higher at the control site. Trace metal contents in mussels collected at polluted sites were increased compared to the control site, and there were strong positive correlations between TBARS and Cu and Pb contents. M. guyanensis is routinely exposed to an oxidative stress condition at both polluted sites, and considering xenobiotic bioaccumulation in bivalve molluscs, the mangrove mussel represents an excellent bioindicator for environmental monitoring studies.     

SEDIMENT BUDGET OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER

1 BACKGROUND The Illinois River is the most significant river in the state of Illinois. The river drains nearly half of the state and has a drainage area of 28,906 mi2 (74,867 km2). Except for about a 4,000 mi2 (10,360 km2) area in Indiana and Wisconsin, the watershed is located in Illinois (see Fig. 1). The watershed contains the drainage basins of several of the state's significant rivers such as the Sangamon, LaMoine, Spoon, Mackinaw, Vermilion, Fox, Kankakee, and Des Plaines Ri…     

变质核杂岩的定义、类型及构造背景

伸展变质核杂岩（mcc）的基本特征包括：（1）缓倾至中等倾角的具有大规模位移的（几十千米）区域信至准区域性延伸的主拆离断层；（2）与断层相关的糜棱片和片麻岩下盘（包括可能出露更深层次的非糜棱化结晶岩）；（3）上盘上地壳基底岩和／或表壳岩层。关键的一点是，所有为质核杂岩是沿地壳深部（大于10－15km）大型拆离断层大规模地壳伸展和地壳切除（缺失）的产物。我们认为，地壳剖面无大规模缺失的以基底为核的穹隆状杂岩不是一般构造定义上公认的变质核杂岩。变质核杂岩形成于同缩短期和缩短期的多种构造环境中。由于前期或同期或缩短的作用，变质杂岩似乎都发育在地壳强烈增厚的区域。绝大多数（但显然并非全部）变质核杂岩都与岩浆作用有密切的时空关系。变质核杂岩起控制作用的拆离断一般生根于中地壳或直接位于石英变为晶质塑性的韧脆性转化带下的深处，但有些拆了断层切穿大部或整个地壳。大多数为质核杂岩总体上具有不对称或简单剪切的构造几何特征，但有些变质核杂岩呈现较为对称的边界拆离断层。     

用谱有限差分法进行地震模拟

提出了以计算一个或两个空间坐标导数的谱方法与对剩余空间坐标和时间作一维有限差分近似相结合为基础的若干有效算法。讨论了几种依赖于弹性参数特性的算法。了提出了一种仅对空间坐标作有限差分近似而使问题简化的算法。对于这种情况，利用矩阵分解法，把获得的对时间的普通差分方程组简化组成N个独立的柯西问题。对这些林西问题可以使用解析方法求解。我们对不同模型给出了计算合成地震图的一些例子。     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION AT CHANNEL BIFURCATION

1 INTRODUCTION Bifurcations are typical features in alluvial rivers as well as in estuaries. In braided rivers confluence and bifurcation occur regularly (Fig.1). A bifurcation occurs when a river splits into two branches (Fig. 2). This happens when a middle bar forms in a channel or a distributary carries flow from the main river. In estuaries when the direction of tidal flow turns around an island, a confluence becomes bifurcation and vice versa. A braided river in the upstream end o…     

夏季自然水体与大气界面间气态总汞的交换通量

利用动力学通量箱法与高时间分辨率大气测汞仪的联用技术, 在瑞典西南的Kristineberg海洋观测站(KMRS)和Knobesholm的Hovgårdsån河分别测定了夏季海水和河水表面与大气间汞的交换通量. 在夏季, 河水和海水都是大气汞的源. 河水和海水表面与大气间汞的交换通量在夏季具有一致的昼夜变化规律, 白天由水体向大气排汞且在正午达到最大值; 夜间排汞量相对较小且有时会出现大气汞向水体沉降. 河水与大气间汞的交换通量与光照强度呈线性正相关关系, 与大气相对湿度呈线性负相关性, 同时还与水体温度存在指数相关性. 海水与大气间汞交换通量只与光照强度存在良好的线性正相关关系. 水体中溶解态气汞的过饱和是水体汞向大气释放的驱动力.     

尼日尔河三角洲地下土层工程地质特性初步研究

研究尼日尔河三角洲区域地质调查报告中的钻孔记录及该区勘探工作的实际情况，目的是确定尼日尔河三角洲地区地下土层的工程地质特性及地下土层间的互相联系．按基础工程目的将尼日尔河三角洲划分为3个不同地带，每个带的土层结构和工程地质特性差异较大．①地下土层为砂或粘土的干燥、广阔平原；②地下土层为粘土-砂层双层结构的淡水／咸水沼泽区；③层序为砂-粘土-砂三层结构的海滩／滨海垄区．②和③区中较适宜的地基土相对要少些，此外，象高压缩性混合体的有机质粘土和泥炭质粘上形成普遍不稳定的透镜体，使得土层在横向近距离中的变化应引起高度重视．在5-30m分布有分选性良好的细—中砂层，通常具有很高的承载力，但在沼泽及滨海区，因粘土的介入而有所不同．     

大震前的地震活动加剧和应力集聚

如果知道一个大地震的震源参数，就可以计算出发震前的应力场。这个应力场可用来划分出震前呈现出比其他任意形状的地区拥有更大地震矩速率变化的区域，这使我们可把大震前的库仑应力相互作用和地震活动的加剧这两个先前并不相关的课题联系起来。作为实例，我们检验了1950年以来加利福尼亚所有M≥6．5的地震。尽管我们是用加利福尼亚的地震活动性阐述了这个模型，但这种方法是通用的，适用于任何构造活动的地区。同时我们还指出，在已充分了解区域构造情况的地区，这种方法能够用来作为地震危险性评估的一种新手段。     

德干火山区西部结构及成份的转换相位地震学约束

利用1个宽频带和9个短周期台站的远震数据对印度孟买附近包括德干火山区西部断裂边缘沿海50×100 km的区域进行了接收函数分析。该区表征为有一个似地壳的厚的地循(36-41 km),这与早先对这部分的推论不同。该区地壳成分实际上是长英矿物及中性矿物,根据其泊松比为0．26±0．01推断这个大陆地壳的结构控制与近海架区域类似,但没有显示任何发生岩浆板底作用的典型地震学迹象,也没有显示受到德干火山活动的影响。