Flight test evaluation of ILS and GBAS performance at Gimpo International Airport

We address the differences in the ways the Instrument Landing System (ILS) and Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS) offer approach guidance, and their principles and methods. We perform comparative analysis of the accuracy of deviation between the GBAS Landing System (GLS) and ILS by means of flight tests, using the flight inspection aircraft at Gimpo International Airport. Our results show that the ILS deviation error increases as the distance between the threshold of runway and the aircraft increases; on the other hand, the GLS deviation error is stable, within the range of ±0.5 to ±2 m lateral and vertical deviation, respectively. We also analyze the alignment accuracy of the ILS and GLS based on the evaluation criteria of Category I of the Federal Aviation Administration, and our analysis results confirm that both systems satisfy the requirements (lateral: ±0.1°, vertical: ±0.05°).     

Impacts of riparian zone plant water use on temporal scaling of groundwater systems

In this work, we study groundwater system temporal scaling in relation to plant water use and near‐river‐stage fluctuations in riparian zones where phreatophytes exist. Using detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), we investigate the influence of regular diurnal fluctuations due to phreatophyte water use on temporal scaling properties of groundwater level variations. We found that groundwater use by phreatophytes, at the field site on the Colorado River, USA, results in distinctive crossovers (slope changes when the plots are fitted with straight lines) in the logarithm plots of root‐mean‐square fluctuations of the detrended water level time series versus time scales of groundwater level dynamics. For groundwater levels monitored at wells close to the river, we identified one crossover at ～1 day in the scaling characteristics of groundwater level variations. When time scale exceeds 1 day, the scaling properties decrease from persistent to close to 1/f noise, where f is the frequency. For groundwater levels recorded at wells further away from the river, the slope of the straight line fit (i.e. scaling exponent) is smallest when the time scale is between 1 and 3 days. When the time scale is < 1 day, groundwater variations become persistent. When the time scale is between 1 and 3 days, the variations are close to white noise, but return to persistent when the time scale is > 3 days. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of hydrologic data obtained from a local groundwater monitoring network in a metropolitan city,Korea

In the late 1980s, dramatic increases in water use caused over‐exploitation of groundwater resources and deterioration of water quality in Seoul metropolitan city. To monitor changes in quantity of groundwater resources and their quality, the metropolitan government established a local groundwater monitoring network in 1997 consisting of 119 monitoring wells. Groundwater resources in the urban area were affected by various human activities, including underground construction such as subways, pumping for public or private water use, leaky sewer systems and pavements. The variation patterns of the groundwater levels were mainly classified into four types, reflecting natural recharge due to rainfall events during the wet season, artificial recharge from leaky sewer or water supply systems, and heavy groundwater pumping for drainage or flood control purposes at underground construction sites. Significantly decreasing trends of groundwater levels in the suburbs of Seoul indicate groundwater use for various agricultural activities. Subway construction lowered the water level by an average of 25 m. Electrical conductivity values showed a wide range, from 100 to 1800 µS/cm (mean 470 µS/cm). Groundwater temperature generally showed a stable pattern, except for some sensitive increases at relatively shallow monitoring wells. Detailed analysis of the monitored groundwater data would provide some helpful implications for optimal and efficient management of groundwater resources in this metropolitan city. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

“Panta Rhei—Everything Flows”: Change in hydrology and society—The IAHS Scientific Decade 2013–2022

Abstract

The new Scientific Decade 2013–2022 of IAHS, entitled “Panta Rhei—Everything Flows”, is dedicated to research activities on change in hydrology and society. The purpose of Panta Rhei is to reach an improved interpretation of the processes governing the water cycle by focusing on their changing dynamics in connection with rapidly changing human systems. The practical aim is to improve our capability to make predictions of water resources dynamics to support sustainable societal development in a changing environment. The concept implies a focus on hydrological systems as a changing interface between environment and society, whose dynamics are essential to determine water security, human safety and development, and to set priorities for environmental management. The Scientific Decade 2013–2022 will devise innovative theoretical blueprints for the representation of processes including change and will focus on advanced monitoring and data analysis techniques. Interdisciplinarity will be sought by increased efforts to connect with the socio-economic sciences and geosciences in general. This paper presents a summary of the Science Plan of Panta Rhei, its targets, research questions and expected outcomes.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz

Citation Montanari, A., Young, G., Savenije, H.H.G., Hughes, D., Wagener, T., Ren, L.L., Koutsoyiannis, D., Cudennec, C., Toth, E., Grimaldi, S., Blöschl, G., Sivapalan, M., Beven, K., Gupta, H., Hipsey, M., Schaefli, B., Arheimer, B., Boegh, E., Schymanski, S.J., Di Baldassarre, G., Yu, B., Hubert, P., Huang, Y., Schumann, A., Post, D., Srinivasan, V., Harman, C., Thompson, S., Rogger, M., Viglione, A., McMillan, H., Characklis, G., Pang, Z., and Belyaev, V., 2013. “Panta Rhei—Everything Flows”: Change in hydrology and society—The IAHS Scientific Decade 2013–2022. Hydrological Sciences Journal. 58 (6) 1256–1275.     

Spring Distribution of Ciliate Plankton in the Southeastern Yellow Sea in 2019

Ocean Science Journal - As planktonic ciliates have been recognized as important players in marine microbial food webs, relevant studies have been conducted in the western coastal waters of the...     

Effects of Green Light on the Stress Response of Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus under Clove Oil Anesthesia

Ocean Science Journal - Clove oil (CO) is an effective anesthetic. Many hatcheries and research studies use clove oil to immobilize fish for artificial reproduction and surgery to suppress their...     

Supernova remnants, planetary nebulae and the distance to NGC 4214

We present narrow band, continuum subtracted Hα, [S ii], Hβ, [O iii] and [O ii] data taken with the Wide Field Camera 3 on the Hubble Space Telescope in the nearby dwarf starburst galaxy NGC 4214. From these images, we identify seventeen new planetary nebula candidates, and seven supernova remnant candidates. We use the observed emission line luminosity function of the planetary nebulae to establish a new velocity-independent distance to NGC 4214. We conclude that the PNLF technique gives a reddening independent distance to NGC 4214 of 3.19±0.36 Mpc, and that our current best-estimate of the distance to this galaxy ids 2.98±0.13 Mpc.     

Mechanisms driving polymagmatic activity at a monogenetic volcano, Udo, Jeju Island, South Korea

High-resolution, stratigraphically ordered samples of the Udo tuff cone and lava shield offshore of Jeju Island, South Korea, show complex geochemical variation in the basaltic magmas that fed the eruption sequence. The eruption began explosively, producing phreatomagmatic deposits with relatively evolved alkali magma. The magma became more primitive over the course of the eruption, but the last magma to be explosively erupted had shifted back to a relatively evolved composition. A separate sub-alkali magma batch was subsequently effusively erupted to form a lava shield. Absence of weathering and only minor reworking between the tuff and overlying lava implies that there was no significant time break between the eruptions of the two magma batches. Modelling of the alkali magma suggests that it was generated from a parent melt in garnet peridotite at c. 3 to 3.5 GPa and underwent mainly clinopyroxene + olivine ± spinel fractionation at c. 1.5 to 2 GPa. The sub-alkali magma was, by contrast, generated from a chemically different peridotite with residual garnet at c. 2.5 GPa and evolved through olivine fractionation at a shallower level compared to its alkali contemporary. The continuous chemostratigraphic trend in the tuff cone, from relatively evolved to primitive and back to evolved, is interpreted to have resulted from a magma batch having risen through a single dyke and erupted the batch’s head, core and margins, respectively. The alkali magma acted as a path-opener for the sub-alkali magma. The occurrence of the two distinct batches suggests that different magmatic systems in the Jeju Island Volcanic Field have interacted throughout its history. The polymagmatic nature of this monogenetic eruption has important implications for hazard forecasting and for our understanding of basaltic field volcanism.     

Assessment of the APCC coupled MME suite in predicting the distinctive climate impacts of two flavors of ENSO during boreal winter

Forecast skill of the APEC Climate Center (APCC) Multi-Model Ensemble (MME) seasonal forecast system in predicting two main types of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), namely canonical (or cold tongue) and Modoki ENSO, and their regional climate impacts is assessed for boreal winter. The APCC MME is constructed by simple composite of ensemble forecasts from five independent coupled ocean-atmosphere climate models. Based on a hindcast set targeting boreal winter prediction for the period 1982–2004, we show that the MME can predict and discern the important differences in the patterns of tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly between the canonical and Modoki ENSO one and four month ahead. Importantly, the four month lead MME beats the persistent forecast. The MME reasonably predicts the distinct impacts of the canonical ENSO, including the strong winter monsoon rainfall over East Asia, the below normal rainfall and above normal temperature over Australia, the anomalously wet conditions across the south and cold conditions over the whole area of USA, and the anomalously dry conditions over South America. However, there are some limitations in capturing its regional impacts, especially, over Australasia and tropical South America at a lead time of one and four months. Nonetheless, forecast skills for rainfall and temperature over East Asia and North America during ENSO Modoki are comparable to or slightly higher than those during canonical ENSO events.     

Holocene environmental changes on the east coast of Korea

We present a record of Holocene environmental change on the east coast of Korea, inferred using pollen, carbon-isotopic composition (??¹³C), total organic carbon, total sulfur, carbon/nitrogen ratios, particle size analysis and major element geochemistry in a sediment core from Soonpogae Lagoon. A multi-proxy paleoenvironmental approach had not previously been applied in Korea and allowed us to reconstruct climate and vegetation change, sea-level rise, lagoon development, and human impact on the east coast of Korea over the last 8,000?years. Evidence from Soonpogae Lagoon supports the following three conclusions: (1) As a drying trend prevailed on the east coast of Korea after ~5,900?cal?yr BP, chemical weathering weakened and herbaceous plants became more important than during the previous humid phase (Holocene Climate Optimum), (2) Sea-level rise on the east coast slowed dramatically about 6,800?cal?yr BP, resulting in low rates of sedimentation in Soonpogae Lagoon, and (3) Soonpogae Lagoon was almost completely isolated from the sea by sand barriers when human impact intensified ~2,100 BP.