Shallow water depth retrieval from space-borne SAR imagery

Based on shallow water bathymetry synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging mechanism and the microwave scattering imaging model for oceanic surface features, we developed a new method for shallow water depth retrieval from space-borne SAR images. The first guess of surface currents and winds are estimated from the normalized radar crossing section (NRCS) profile of shallow water bathymetry SAR imagery, according to the linear theory and geophysical model function. The NRCS profile is then simulated by the microwave scattering imaging model. Both the surface currents and winds are adjusted by using the dichotomy method step by step to make the M4S-simulated NRCS profiles approach those observed by SAR. Then, the surface currents and the wind speeds are retrieved when a best fit between simulated signals and the SAR image appears. Finally, water depths are derived using the Navier–Stokes equation and finite difference method with the best estimated currents and the surface winds. The method is tested on two SAR images of the Taiwan Shoal. Results show that the simulated shallow water NRCS profile is in good agreement with those measured by SAR with the correlation coefficient as high as 85%. In addition, when water depths retrieved from the SAR image are compared with in situ measurements, both the root mean square and relative error are less than 3.0 m and 6.5%, respectively, indicating that SAR images are useful for shallow water depth retrieval and suggesting that the proposed method in this paper is convergent and applicable.     

浅海导管架平台结构损伤诊断试验研究

基于模型试验研究了浅海导管架平台的结构损伤诊断,采用标量型ARMA模型识别出结构的三阶模态参数,分别采用遗传算法和模态应变能法对试验模型不同模拟损伤工况进行了损伤诊断。基于遗传算法,提出了采用不同自由度一阶模态参数的损伤诊断方法。研究表明,由于海洋平台的前三阶模态分别为不同自由度的一阶模态,采用两阶或三阶模态识别损伤时,损伤杆件影响较小的自由度方向的模态参数对结构的损伤诊断将产生不利的影响,成为识别噪声。因此,可分别采用不同自由度的一阶模态进行结构损伤诊断。     

Assessing adaptability of planted trees using leaf traits: A case study with Robinia pseudoacacia L. in the Loess Plateau, China

Leaf trait patterns and their variations with climate are interpreted as an adaptive adjustment to environment.This study assessed the adaptability of planted black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) based on the analysis of leaf traits and the comparison of its leaf traits with inter-specific ones existing in the same area.We measured some water and N use related leaf traits: leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA) and N,P and K concentrations based on both leaf area (Narea,Parea and Karea) and leaf mass (Nmass,Pm...     

Phosphorus fractions and bioavailability in relation to particle size characteristics in sediments from Lake Hongfeng, Southwest China

Information on the chemical composition of phosphorus (P) fractions in sediments is fundamental to understanding P bioavailability and eutrophication in lake ecosystems. Phosphorus fractions and its bioavailability in sediments cores of Lake Hongfeng, southwest China, were investigated using a chemical sequential extraction scheme. Relationships between P fractions, P bioavailability and particle sizes were discussed. P fractions concentrations were ranked in the order: Residual-P > NaOH–rP > NaOH–NRP > HCl–P > BD–P > NH₄Cl–P, and all of them decreased with increasing sediment depth. Statistical analysis showed that concentrations of bioavailable P (BAP) which includes the NH₄Cl–P, BD–P, NaOH–rP and NaOH–NRP fractions ranged from 404.68 to 1,591.99 mg/kg and accounted for 26.8–71.8 % of the concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) in the top 5 cm sediments, whereas in the whole sediment cores, their concentrations ranged from 239.70 to 1,591.99 mg/kg and accounted for 26.8–76.0 % of TP. The results suggested that the sediments were a large potential source of P for algae blooms in Lake Hongfeng. Phosphorus fractions and their potential bioavailability were influenced by the sediment particle sizes, especially the bioavailability of the NH₄Cl–P fraction, which was strongly affected by the presence of fine particle sizes in the sediments.     

The streamflow trend in Tangwang River basin in northeast China and its difference response to climate and land use change in sub-basins

In this study, the hydro-climatic trends (1964–2006) of Tangwang River basin (TRB) were examined using the Kendall’s test. Moreover, the impacts of climate variability and land use change on streamflow in each sub-basin were assessed using the Soil and Water Assessment Tools (SWAT) model. The results indicated that annual mean flow and peak flow showed insignificant decreasing trends (?0.14 m³ s^?1 year^?1, 1 %; ?8.67 m³ s^?1 year^?1, 40 %), while annual low flow exhibited a slightly increasing trend (0.02 m³ s^?1 year^?1, 11 %). Correspondingly, the annual precipitation for the entire basin decreased by 0.02 mm year^?2, while the annual means of daily mean, maximum and minimum temperature increased significantly by 0.07, 0.10 and 0.02 °C year^?1, respectively. On the other hand, with the implementation of “Natural Forest Protection Project” and “Grain for Green Project”, the forests in TRB totally increased by 744.5 km² (4.00 %) from 1980 to 2000. Meanwhile, the grasslands and the farmlands decreased by 378.0 km² (?1.98 %) and 311.9 km² (?1.63 %), respectively. Overall, land use changes played a more important role for the streamflow reduction than climate change for SUB1, SUB2 and SUB3, in which the primary conversions were from grassland, farmland and bare land to forests. Conversely, in SUB4, the influence of climate variability was predominant. The results obtained could be a reference for water resources planning and management under changing environment.     

Monitoring Muztagh Kuksai glacier surface velocity with L-band SAR data in southwestern Xinjiang, China

This study presents the results of measuring surface velocity fields of alpine glaciers with multi-temporal ALOS/PALSAR synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data using the normalized cross-correlation technique. The main limitations of spaceborne optical data and interferometric SAR for retrieving reliable interferometric product are firstly discussed. Next, an efficient method of deriving surface velocity with spaceborne SAR system using the intensity-tracking method based on the cross-correlation optimization is expounded. This method is an invaluable alternative way of estimating the glacier surface field when the differential SAR interferometry is limited by the loss of coherence and can also overcome the drawback of the lack of available optical data in alpine glacier areas. The method was successfully applied in the region of the Muztagh Kuksai Glacier using ALOS/PALSAR L-band data with 44 days temporal separation. The glacier surface velocity fields were obtained for two different time intervals (14 January to 11 March 2009 and 1 September to 17 October 2009). The accuracy of the method was estimated from the residual value in the non-glacier area, which is often used to evaluate the performance of the approach for monitoring the glacier surface velocity. Finally the distribution maps of the surface velocity fields on the Muztagh Kuksai Glacier were retrieved with an accuracy of 0.3 m (SD 0.2 m) using L-band spaceborne SAR data. The results show that overall average velocity for 1 September to 17 October in 2009 is about 11 % faster than that for 14 January to 11 March in 2009. It is concluded that the potential of monitoring the long-term evolution of glaciers with SAR data should be emphasized.     

磁法在云南武定地区铁铜矿勘查中的应用

矿产资源远景调查目的主要就是圈定找矿靶区及寻找隐伏矿体,磁法勘探对于寻找铁铜矿有较大的优势。在云南武定地区开展的1：5万磁法测量工作,共圈出了四个异常区块（A、B、C、D异常区）。在B异常区块进行1：1万高精度磁测,解析延拓显示位于该区块东南部的三度体异常具有深源性,规模较大,并出现较大的磁异常梯度带,且处于主控矿构造断裂带上,划定为该区域的重点勘探远景区。     

基本气流的垂直切变作用下的低纬低频波

在低纬地区,风速的垂直切变也是很明显的,作者解释了这些纬向气流的垂直切变对低纬长波性质以及对不同模态的相互作用的影响,并且发现切变对低纬波动的影响具有明显的选择性.     

孕震系统宏观层次的单元体应力水平群体涨落模型

孕震系统是一个开放的复杂巨统统，系统具有层次结构。因此应分层次建立孕震系统的力学模型。作者从地球整体现出发，提出了单元体应力水平群体涨落模型，该模型为孕震系统宏观层次上的力学模型。这一模型可以作为几个地震带或几个地块内，地震活动频度、相关转移、时空分布及各类定点观测手段异常台项数群体涨落、时空转移、震后异常等研究的物理基础。     

Transient accelerating scalar models with exponential potentials

We study a known class of scalar dark energy models in which the potential has an exponential term and the current accelerating era is transient. We find that, although a decelerating era will return in the future, when extrapolating the model back to earlier stages (z ■ 4), scalar dark energy becomes dominant over matter. So these models do not have the desired tracking behavior, and the predicted transient period of acceleration cannot be adopted into the standard scenario of the Big Bang cosmology. When couplings between the scalar field and matter are introduced, the models still have the same problem; only the time when deceleration returns will be varied. To achieve re-deceleration, one has to turn to alternative models that are consistent with the standard Big Bang scenario.