多排抗滑桩设计中的推力分担比模拟

山区铁路修建过程中,大型滑坡常采用多排抗滑桩的工程措施进行加固治理。目前常规的计算方法无法准确计算出作用在每排抗滑桩上的推力大小以及分担比。以ANSYS大型数值有限元软件为手段,以六沾线曹家山滑坡为研究对象。通过进行数值计算的方式得到作用在每排抗滑桩上的推力大小,并统计出相应每排桩所承担的滑坡下滑推力比,该方法为抗滑桩的最终结构计算提供更为科学、合理的依据,从而避免了原方法存在的种种局限性,为多排抗滑桩的设计提供了一种行之有效的解决办法。     

Effects of copper pollution on the activity of soil invertase and urease in loquat orchards

Dealt with in this paper is the relationship between Cu contents of soil and activity parameters for soil invertase and urease from the Changtai loquat orchards in Fujian Province. The soil invertase activity and maximum reaction velocity (enzyme kinetic parameters: Vmax and Vmax/Km) have no remarkable negative correlation with Cu concentrations, but Cu concentrations have an obvious positive effect on invertase Kin, indicating a reversible com-petitive restraint on the reaction between Cu and invertase. The soil urease activity and maximum reaction velocity (Vmax,Vmax/Km) have a remarkable negative correlation with Cu concentrations, and in this aspect, they can be used as ecological indices of the soil polluted by Cu. A slightly variable Km indicates the non-reversible competitive restraint level.     

非震物探方法在南方油气调查中的应用效果

本次工作地区为重庆市武隆县周围,工作主要任务目标,利用重力和大地电磁测深MT,初步揭示武隆区块震旦系下古生界等重点层系地层特征及构造样式,基本查明浅部构造与深部构造之间的关系,从构造角度分析武隆区块油气保存状况.我们在工区布置了2条测量剖面,位于武隆县南部,贵州道真县北部.两条剖面长度分别30 km和50 km,总长度为80 km.主要的工作方法大地电磁测深MT和重力,其中MT点距为500 m,重力点距为50m.经过野外数据采集、数据处理和分析等手段,对两条剖面进行了定性和定量解释并推断了3条断层、有利于油气保存条件的地层.     

Approximate Solutions to the Boundary–Volume Integral Equation for Wave Propagation in Piecewise Heterogeneous Media

Piecewise heterogeneous media that the earth presents are composed of large-scale boundary structures and small-scale volume heterogeneities. Wave propagation in such piecewise heterogeneous media can be accurately superposed through the generalized Lippmann–Schwinger integral equation (GLSIE). Two different Born series modeling schemes are formulated for the boundary–volume integral equation with 2-D antiplane motion (SH waves). Both schemes decompose the resulting boundary–volume integral equation matrix into two parts: the self-interaction operator handled with a fully implicit manner, and the extrapolation operator approximated by a Born series. The first scheme associates the self-interaction operator with each boundary itself and the volume itself, and interprets the extrapolation operator as the cross-interaction between each boundary and other boundaries/volume scatterers in a subregion. The second scheme relates the self-interaction operator to each boundary itself and its cross-interaction with the volume scatterers on both sides, and expresses the extrapolation operator as both the direct and indirect (through the volume scatterers) cross-interactions between different boundaries in a subregion. By eliminating the displacement field from the volume scatterers, the second scheme reduces the dimension of the resulting boundary-volume integral equation matrix, leading to a faster convergence than the first scheme. Both the numerical schemes are validated by dimensionless frequency responses to a heterogeneous alluvial valley with the velocity perturbed randomly in the range of ca 5–20 %. The schemes are applied to wave propagation simulation in a heterogeneous multilayered model by calculating synthetic seismograms. Numerical experiments, compared with the full-waveform numerical solution, indicate that the Born series modeling schemes significantly improve computational efficiency, especially for high frequencies.     

Did the M S7.0 Lushan earthquake dynamically trigger earthquakes in the Datong volcanic region (Shanxi Province)?

Immediately following the M _S7.0 Lushan earthquake on April 20, 2013, using high-pass and low-pass filtering on the digital seismic stations in the Shanxi Province, located about 870–1,452 km from the earthquake epicenter, we detected some earthquakes at a time corresponding to the first arrival of surface waves in high-pass filtering waveform. The earthquakes were especially noticed at stations in Youyu (YUY), Shanzizao (SZZ), Shanghuangzhuang (SHZ), and Zhenchuan (ZCH), which are located in a volcanic region in the Shanxi Province,but they were not listed in the Shanxi seismic observation report. These earthquakes occurred 4–50 min after the passage of the maximum amplitude Rayleigh wave, and the periods of the surface waves were mainly between 15 and 20 s following. The Coulomb stresses caused by the Rayleigh waves that acted on the four stations was about 0.001 MPa, which is a little lower than the threshold value of dynamic triggering, therefore, we may conclude that the Datong volcanic region is more sensitive to the Coulomb stress change. To verify, if the similar phenomena are widespread, we used the same filtering to observe contrastively continuous waveform data before, and 5 h after, the M _S7.0 Lushan earthquake and M _S9.0 Tohoku earthquake in 2011. The results show that the similar phenomena occur before the earthquakes, but the seismicity rates after the earthquakes are remarkably increased. Since these weak earthquakes are quite small, it is hard to get clear phase arrival time from three or more stations to locate them. In addition, the travel time differences between P waves and S waves (S–P) are all less than 4 s, that means the events should occur in 34 km around the stations in the volcanic region. The stress of initial dynamic triggering of the M _S9.0 Tohoku earthquake was about 0.09 MPa, which is much higher than the threshold value of dynamic triggering stress. The earthquakes after the M _S9.0 Tohoku earthquake are related to dynamic triggering stress, but the events before the earthquake cannot be linked to seismic events, but may be related to the background seismicity or from other kinds of local sources, such as anthropogenic sources (i.e., explosions). Using two teleseismic filtering, the small background earthquakes in the Datong volcanic region occur frequently, thus we postulate that previous catalog does not apply bandpass filter to pick out the weak earthquakes, and some of the observed weak events were not triggered by changes in the dynamic stress field.     

Defending against wormhole attack in OLSR

OLSR (optimal link state routing) is one of the four basic routing protocols used in mobile ad hoc Networks by the MANET working group of IETF (Internet engineering task force). OLSR, a proactive routing protocol, is based on a multipoint relaying flooding technique to reduce the number of topology broadcast. OLSR uses periodic HELLO packets to neighbor detection. As introduced in Reference [1], the wormhole attack can form a serious threat in wireless Networks, especially against many ad hoc Network routing protocols and location-based wireless security systems. Here, a trust model to handle this attack in OLSR is provided and simulated in NS2.     

散粒体斜坡运动堆积特征试验研究

散粒体斜坡俗称“溜砂坡”,对其运动和堆积特征的研究是溜砂坡防治的关键.在斜坡模型架上模拟碎块石的运动过程和堆积过程,探索其颗粒大小、形态与斜坡角的关系.通过堆积体纵剖面取样发现,溜砂坡堆积呈现分形结构,其颗粒质量粒径分布分维数随黏粒含量的增大而增大.     

Origin of the Maoduan Pb–Zn–Mo deposit, eastern Cathaysia Block, China: geological, geochronological, geochemical, and Sr–Nd–Pb–S isotopic constraints

The Maoduan Pb–Zn–Mo deposit is in hydrothermal veins with a pyrrhotite stage followed by a molybdenite and base metal stage. The Re–Os model ages of five molybdenite samples range from 138.6 ± 2.0 to 140.0 ± 1.9 Ma. Their isochron age is 137.7 ± 2.7 Ma. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) zircon U–Pb dating of the nearby exposed Linggen granite porphyry gave a ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 152.2 ± 2.2 Ma and the hidden Maoduan monzogranite yielded a mean of 140.0 ± 1.6 Ma. These results suggest that the intrusion of the Maoduan monzogranite and Pb–Zn–Mo mineralization are contemporaneous. δ ³⁴S values of sulfide minerals range from 3.4‰ to 4.8‰, similar to magmatic sulfur. Four sulfide samples have ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.252–18.432, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.609–15.779, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.640–39.431, similar to the age-corrected data of the Maoduan monzogranite. These isotope data support a genetic relationship between the Pb–Zn–Mo mineralization and the Maoduan monzogranite and probably indicate a common deep source. The Maoduan monzogranite has geochemical features similar to highly fractionated I-type granites, such as high SiO₂ (73.7–75.2 wt.%) and alkalis (K₂O + Na₂O = 7.8–8.9 wt.%) and low FeO_t (0.8–1.3 wt.%), MgO (~0.3 wt.%), P₂O₅ (~0.03 wt.%), and TiO₂ (~0.2 wt.%). The granitic rocks are enriched in Rb, Th, and U but depleted in Ba, Sr, Nb, Ta, P, and Ti. REE patterns are characterized by marked negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu^* = 0.2–0.4). The Maoduan monzogranite, having (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) _t  = 0.7169 to 0.7170 and ε_Nd(t) = −13.8 to −13.7, was probably derived from mixing of partial melts from enriched mantle and the Paleoproterozoic Badu group in an extensional tectonic setting.     

Risk evaluation of China’s natural disaster systems: an approach based on triangular fuzzy numbers and stochastic simulation

To deal effectively with the evaluation problem of natural disaster risk system affected by many uncertain factors, a multivariate connection number expression is presented. This expression is based on the index samples and evaluation grade criterions of natural disaster risk system and is capable of describing the hierarchy property and fuzziness of membership relationship between index samples and evaluation grade criterions. In this proposed method, the fuzzy evaluation grade criterion problem is resolved by combining triangular fuzzy numbers with multivariate connection number theory, and triangular fuzzy numbers are used to express the discrepancy degree coefficients of connection number and evaluation index weights. Accordingly, a connection number-based evaluation method for the natural disaster system of China (named CN-TFN for short) is established using triangular fuzzy numbers and stochastic simulation. The application results show that the spatial distribution of natural disaster risk grades of China has the trend of aggrandizement from west to east of China. The economically developed and densely populated coastal areas are very likely to have a high level of natural disaster risk grade or above; thus, these areas are the key regions of the natural disaster risk management of China. The results also show that the CN-TFN is able to reflect practical conditions of the evaluation problem of natural disaster system and to provide more reliability information as compared to the existing evaluation methods. This is as a result of its comprehensive usage of various information of subjective and objective uncertainties in the evaluation process of natural disaster risk system and its expression by confidence intervals. Due to the simplicity and generalization, the CN-TFM is applicable to comprehensive risk grade evaluation of various natural disaster systems.     

西南山区矿调中的地球物理综合找矿技术

为了寻找隐伏矿、深部矿,以四川通安—小牛场地区为研究平台,开展了矿产远景调查,提出了将重力、航磁、地磁、激电等物探手段有机结合,综合应用于西南山区矿产调查的思路,并列举典型实例,逐步分析各种物探异常,最终实现从圈定找矿重点区到确定矿体平面分布形态的目的。以期这一重、磁、电相互结合的模式对今后西南山区的矿产勘查能起到一定的指导作用。