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61.
In this study, we draw on a unique combination of well‐resolved fault‐slip data and earthquake focal mechanisms to constrain spatial variations in style of faulting in the obliquely extending Main Ethiopian Rift, East Africa. These data show that both boundary and internal faults – oblique and orthogonal to the plate divergence (PD) respectively – exhibit almost pure dip‐slip motion, and indicate significant local deflection in orientation of the extension direction at rift margins. Scaled analogue models closely replicate the multidisciplinary observations from the rift and suggest that the process is controlled by the presence of a deep‐seated, pre‐existing weakness – oblique to the direction of PD – that is able to cause a local rotation in the orientation of the extension direction at rift margins. Minor counterclockwise block rotations are required to accommodate the difference in slip direction along the different fault systems, as supported by existing and new palaeomagnetic data from the rift. 相似文献
62.
Three dimensional elasto‐plastic interface for embedded beam elements with interaction surface for the analysis of lateral loading of piles
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This paper presents a numerical formulation for a three dimensional elasto‐plastic interface, which can be coupled with an embedded beam element in order to model its non‐linear interaction with the surrounding solid medium. The formulation is herein implemented for lateral loading of piles but is able to represent soil‐pile interaction phenomena in a general manner for different types of loading conditions or ground movements. The interface is formulated in order to capture localized material plasticity in the soil surrounding the pile within the range of small to moderate lateral displacements. The interface is formulated following two different approaches: (i) in terms of beam degrees of freedoms; and (ii) considering the displacement field of the solid domain. Each of these alternatives has its own advantages and shortcomings, which are discussed in this paper. The paper presents a comparison of the results obtained by means of the present formulation and by other well‐established analysis methods and test results published in the literature. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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We introduce a method for identifying the transverse dispersion coefficient in laboratory experiments based on the analytical solution of a pulse injection of a nonreactive solute in a soil column (cylindrical geometry) packed with a homogeneous porous medium. This method takes into account the effect of boundary conditions such as no flux on the column perimeter, and it does not need a priori knowledge of the longitudinal dispersion coefficient. Numerical applications of the method show that it is stable and robust and that the results are reasonably in accordance with those found using the classical maximum likelihood method. 相似文献
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66.
Doppler Lidar Measurements of Vertical Velocity Spectra in the Convective Planetary Boundary Layer 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
We utilized a Doppler lidar to measure spectra of vertical velocity w from 390m above the surface to the top of the daytime convective boundary layer (CBL). The high resolution 2μm wavelength
Doppler lidar developed by the NOAA Environmental Technology Laboratory was used to detect the mean radial velocity of aerosol
particles. It operated continuously during the daytime in the zenith-pointing mode for several days in summer 1996 during
the Lidars-in-Flat-Terrain experiment over level farmland in central Illinois, U.S.A. The temporal resolution of the lidar
was about 1 s, and the range-gate resolution was about 30m. The vertical cross-sections were used to calculate spectra as
a function of height with unprecedented vertical resolution throughout much of the CBL, and, in general, we find continuity
of the spectral peaks throughout the depth of the CBL. We compare the observed spectra with previous formulations based on
both measurements and numerical simulations, and discuss the considerable differences, both on an averaged and a case-by-case
basis. We fit the observed spectra to a model that takes into account the wavelength of the spectral peak and the curvature
of the spectra across the transition from low wavenumbers to the inertial subrange. The curvature generally is as large or
larger than the von Kármán spectra. There is large case-to-case variability, some of which can be linked to the mean structure
of the CBL, especially the mean wind and the convective instability. We also find a large case-to-case variability in our
estimates of normalized turbulent kinetic energy dissipation deduced from the spectra, likely due for the most part to a varying
ratio of entrainment flux to surface flux. Finally, we find a relatively larger contribution to the low wavenumber region
of the spectra in cases with smaller shear across the capping inversion, and suggest that this may be due partly to gravity
waves in the inversion and overlying free atmosphere. 相似文献
67.
Per Möller Christian Hjort Svante Björck Jorge Rabassa Juan Federico Ponce 《Quaternary Research》2010,73(3):521-534
Isla de los Estados is a mountainous island southeast of Tierra del Fuego, in southernmost South America. Its central and eastern parts have an alpine topography, transected by U-shaped valleys, small, partly over-deepened fjords, and a multitude of abandoned cirques, all associated with extensive former local glaciations. Traces of glacial erosion generally reach 400–450 m a.s.l., and above that trimline a distinct sharp-edged nunatak derived landscape is present. The westernmost part of the island has a lower, more subdued topography, reflecting its “softer” geology but possibly also over-running and erosion by mainland-derived ice streams. The present study concentrated on glacigenic sediment sequences exposed along coastal erosional cliffs. A combination of OSL and 14C datings show that these sediments mostly date from the latest (Wisconsinan/Weichselian) glacial cycle, i.e. from the last ca. 100 ka with the oldest (glaciolacustrine) deposits possibly as old as 90–80 ka. The upper parts of overlying tills, with associated lateral and terminal moraines from glaciers that expanded onto an eustatically exposed dry shelf north of the island, date from the last global glacial maximum (LGM). Radiocarbon ages of peat and lake sediments indicate that deglaciation began 17–16 cal ka BP. 相似文献
68.
69.
Federico Cervi Matteo Berti Lisa Borgatti Francesco Ronchetti Federica Manenti Alessandro Corsini 《Landslides》2010,7(4):433-444
Statistical and deterministic methods are widely used in geographic information system based landslide susceptibility mapping. This paper compares the predictive capability of three different models, namely the Weight of Evidence, the Fuzzy Logic and SHALSTAB, for producing shallow earth slide susceptibility maps, to be included as informative layers in land use planning at a local level. The test site is an area of about 450 km2 in the northern Apennines of Italy where, in April 2004, rainfall combined with snowmelt triggered hundreds of shallow earth slides that damaged roads and other infrastructure. An inventory of the landslides triggered by the event was obtained from interpretation of aerial photos dating back to May 2004. The pre-existence of mapped landslides was then checked using earlier aerial photo coverage. All the predictive models were run on the same set of geo-environmental causal factors: soil type, soil thickness, land cover, possibility of deep drainage through the bedrock, slope angle, and upslope contributing area. Model performance was assessed using a threshold-independent approach (the ROC plot). Results show that global accuracy is as high as 0.77 for both statistical models, while it is only 0.56 for SHALSTAB. Besides the limited quality of input data over large areas, the relatively poorer performance of the deterministic model maybe also due to the simplified assumptions behind the hydrological component (steady-state slope parallel flow), which can be considered unsuitable for describing the hydrologic behavior of clay slopes, that are widespread in the study area. 相似文献
70.
Chemical, modal and mineralogic data and textural observations suggest that the small mafic-ultramafic body at Predazzo, consisting of olivine-bearing gabbro, clinopyroxenite and quartz-bearing gabbro, is the result of a flow differentiation mechanism acting on a mush formed of 60% solid plus 40% liquid. Such a mechanism was capable of producing the concentration of the early formed crystals () towards the center of the body (clinopyroxenite) with segregation of two portions enriched in liquid toward the margins (olivine- and quartz-bearing gabbros). 相似文献