Geoacoustic provinces of the northern South China Sea based on sound speed as predicted from sediment grain sizes

Marine Geophysical Research - The determination of geoacoustic provinces has important applications in assessing the responses of sedimentary environment and processes. Suitable geoacoustic...     

Construction of a cDNA library for sea cucumber <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acaudina leucoprocta</Emphasis> and differential expression of ferritin peptide

Acaudina leucoprocta is an edible sea cucumber of economic interest that is widely distributed in China. Little information is available concerning the molecular genetics of this species although such knowledge would contribute to a better understanding of the optimal conditions for its aquaculture and its mechanisms of defense against disease. Therefore, we constructed a cDNA library and, based on bioinformatics analysis of the sequences, the functions of 75% of the cDNAs were identified, including those involved in cell structure, energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, and signal transduction pathways. Approximately 25% of genes in the library were unmatched. The gene for A. leucoprocta ferritin was also cloned. The predicted amino-acid sequence of ferritin displayed significant homology with other sea-cucumber counterparts but indicated that it was a new member of the ferritin family. Semiquantitative real-time RT-PCR indicated the highest levels of ferritin mRNA expression in the intestine. A polyclonal antibody of ferritin was also produced. These data provide a set of molecular tools essential for further studies of the functions of ferritin protein in A. leucoprocta.     

四川广元──陕西宁强间下志留统生物礁

川西北广元-陕西宁强间下志留统巨厚的暗色泥岩地层中赋存有数以百计的生物礁，包括堤礁、点礁、堤状点礁群、生物岩丘、灰泥丘、层状岩丘，出露好，大小不一。礁是在浅水陆棚泥岩相的基础上发育起来的.造礁生物主要为横板珊瑚属的链珊瑚和蜂窝珊瑚及泡孔目的皮壳状、半球状苔藓虫。礁发育的基底主要为泥基质疙瘩状灰岩，也可以是生屑滩、近基风暴岩和淹没的潮坪层纹石灰岩。礁的衰亡以淹死型为主，少数为旱死型。在广元河湾场地区的河深１井钻遇礁组合５３.５５ｍ，中途测试有气浸显示、川南井下亦钻遇生物灰岩、生清灰岩（可能即为生物礁），见沥青充填裂隙、晶洞。包绕礁体的暗色泥岩有机炭丰度高。因之，志留系生物礁有希望成为四川盆地潜在的油气勘探目的层。     

横向各向同性介质紧致交错网格有限差分波场模拟(英文)

针对有限差分数值模拟的频散问题,本文将交错网格技术和紧致差分格式相结合,推导了横向各向同性介质一阶速度一应力波动方程的紧致交错网格差分格式;对比分析了紧致交错网格差分格式、交错网格差分格式以及紧致差分格式的截断误差主项,并利用Fourier误差分析方法分析了上述三种差分格式的近似精度;在此基础上,分别采用上述三种差分格式进行了波场数值模拟。结果表明,当差分方程阶数相同时,紧致交错网格差分格式截断误差最小,数值频散最弱,差分精度最高,证实了该方法的有效性。     

Supercooled water in austral summer in Prydz Bay, Antarctica

Supercooled water with temperatures below freezing point,was identified from hydrographic data obtained by Chinese and Australian expeditions to Prydz Bay,Antarctica,during the austral summer.The study shows that most supercooled waters occurred at depths of 63-271 m in the region north of the Amery Ice Shelf(AIS) front.The maximum supercooling was 0.16°C below the in-situ freezing point.In temperature and salinity ranges of-2.14--1.96°C and 34.39-34.46,respectively,the water was colder and fresher than peripheral shelf water.The supercooled water had less variability in the vertical profiles compared to shelf water.Based on analysis of their thermohaline features and spatial distribution,as well as the circulation pattern in Prydz Bay,we conclude that these supercooled waters originated from a cavity beneath the AIS and resulted from upwelling just outside of the AIS front.Water emerging from the ice shelf cools to an extremely low temperature(about-2.0°C) by additional cooling from the ice shelf,and becomes buoyant with the addition of melt water from the ice shelf base.When this water flows out of the ice shelf front,its upper boundary is removed,and thus it rises abruptly.Once the temperature of this water reaches below the freezing point,supercooling takes place.In summer,the seasonal pycnocline at-100 m water depth acts as a barrier to upwelling and supercooling.The upwelling of ice shelf outflow water illuminates a unique mid-depth convection of the polar ocean.     

增生弧基本特征与地质意义

增生弧是发育在增生楔基底之上的岩浆弧,是由于海沟后撤、新的弧岩浆前缘向着洋的方向迁移至早期增生杂岩基底之上。增生弧的发育是?engör （1992）提出的增生型（突厥型）造山带的核心动力学过程,然而对其识别与大地构造意义尚存诸多争议。日本岛弧是?engör用以建立增生弧模式的范例,其白垩纪以来的岩浆弧发育在侏罗纪和更早的增生杂岩基底之上。日本岛弧的增生弧岩浆具有典型的岛弧型微量元素地球化学特征,包括富集的LREE和LILE、以及亏损的HFSE,但其Sr-Nd同位素随着海沟后撤和增生弧演化不断变亏损。地球物理剖面显示日本增生弧岩浆来自两个截然不同的岩浆源区,一个位于弧前俯冲大洋岩石圈莫霍面之上,一个位于弧岩浆轴部的莫霍面之下,这可能暗示了日本增生弧具有增生楔重熔和增生弧地幔楔部分熔融两种不同的岩浆形成机制,但增生弧的地幔楔如何形成这一问题尚未得到解决。中亚造山带是增生型造山带,其西段的西准噶尔地区出露早古生代成吉斯弧和晚古生代萨吾尔弧,均为增生弧。萨吾尔弧晚石炭世的弧岩浆岩以Ⅰ型花岗岩、花岗闪长岩—闪长岩岩墙、中-基性火山熔岩等为代表,发育在包括有蛇绿混杂岩、OPS混杂岩、连续单元浊积岩的增生杂岩基底之上这些侵入岩和喷出岩与增生楔物质分别呈侵入和不整合覆盖接触关系。成吉斯弧早泥盆世的弧岩浆岩以中-基性火山熔岩为代表,不整合覆盖在混杂带基底之上;其中混杂带的基质为晚志留世砂岩,夹持有晚奥陶世—晚志留世灰岩、硅质岩等岩块。以上案例展示了增生弧具有典型的二元结构：上盘为晚期增生弧弧岩浆、下盘是早期增生杂岩基底,二者被一个大型的不整合面分隔或构成岩浆侵入接触关系。萨吾尔增生弧岩浆岩具有典型的岛弧型微量元素地球化学特征,花岗岩端元Nd同位素亏损、Sr同位素富集,而玄武岩端元的Sr-Nd同位素均表现为亏损特征,表明基性岩端元直接源自新生的增生弧地幔楔的部分熔融,继承了亏损地幔的同位素特征;酸性岩端元则受到增生楔物质重熔的混染,如富集的Sr同位素,源自增生楔中大洋沉积物和蛇绿岩。增生弧的发育可能是增生型造山带大量年轻地幔物质加入和大规模地壳生长的原因。这一现象还可以进一步地探讨增生弧地幔楔的成因：即随着海沟后撤,原海沟位置的俯冲大洋岩石圈并不会发生断离下沉,而是保留在原位、形成新的增生弧地幔楔。     

自航水雷作战效能分析

针对各国自航水雷发展迅速且其作战效能分析日渐受高度重视的情况,在分析自航水雷使用特点的基础上,利用美国工业界武器系统效能咨询委员会提出的作战效能评估模型 ADC,推导了自航水雷武器作战效能评估方法解析式,详细分析了影响自航水雷武器作战效能的主要因素。同时,根据分析影响作战效能的各要素,提出了自航水雷在设计定型试验中应重点考核的关键指标和能力,为后续开展自航水雷设计定型试验提供了新的思路。     

铁基样品中锰的中子活化法测定

采用热中子与超热中子照射相结合的中子活化法测定了铁高含量样品中锰的含量。实验测定和理论计算了铁对锰的干扰系数,两者符合较好。对几个标准物质的分析结果与推荐值相符。该方法适用于ｍＦｅ／ｍＭｎ小于２×１０５的样品中锰含量的测定     

初始化方案对有限区域海面风场数值预报模式的影响

在一个已应用于海洋要素预报的有限区域海面风场预报模式的基础上,以渤海海域为实验海区,研究初始化方案对有限区域海面风场数值预报模式的影响。对“未采用初始化”与“采用初始化”方法进行了预报实验比较,结果表明,初始化方法对有限区域海面风场模式作用明显,尤其是海面风场的开始阶段,主要体现在海风与陆风预报能力的差异上。     

Does canopy wetness matter? Evapotranspiration from a subtropical montane cloud forest in Taiwan

Evapotranspiration (ET) and canopy wetness were measured over a 2‐year intensive field campaign at the Chi‐Lan Mountain cloud forest site in Taiwan. Eddy covariance and sap flow methods were applied to measure ET and tree sap flow of the endemic yellow cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana). ET was 553 mm yr^?1 over the study period with an annual rainfall and fog deposition of 4893 and 288 mm yr^–1, respectively. The duration of canopy wetness exceeded actual fog or rain events (mostly in the afternoon), and the intercepted water was evaporated later in the following dry morning. The cumulative wet duration accounted for 52% of time over the study period, which was longer than the duration of rainfall and fog altogether (41%). As it adapted to the extremely moist environment, the yellow cypress behaved in a wet‐enhanced/dry‐reduced water use strategy and was sensitive to short periods of dry atmosphere with high evaporation potential. During dry days, the sap flow rate rose quickly after dawn and led to conservative water use through midday and the afternoon. During periodically wet days, the canopy was mostly wetted in the morning, and the interception evaporation contributed largely to the morning ET. The initiation of morning sap flow was postponed 1–3 h, and the sap flow rate tended to peak later at midday. The midday canopy conductance was higher in the periodically wet days (10.6 mm s^–1) as compared with 7.6 mm s^?1 in the dry days. Consequently, the dry‐reduced water use strategy led to much lower annual ET with respect to the available energy (~46%) and high precipitation input (~11%). The moist‐adapted ecohydrology we report reveals the vulnerability of montane cloud forests to prolonged fog‐free periods. More research is urgently needed to better understand the resilience of these ecosystems and formulate adaptive management plans. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.