Hydraulic properties of concentrated flow of a bank gully in the dry‐hot valley region of southwest China

To quantify spatiotemporal variation in hydraulic properties of bank gully concentrated flow, a series of scour experiments were run under water discharge rates ranging from 30 to 120 l min^?1. Concentrated flows were found to be turbulent and supercritical in the upstream catchment area and downstream gully beds. As discharge increased, values of the soil erosion rate, Reynolds number (Re), shear stress, stream power, and flow energy consumption (ΔE) increased while values of the Froude number (Fr) and the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor (resistance f ) did not. With the exception of gully headcut collapse under discharge rates of 60, 90, and 120 l min^?1, a declining power function trend (P < 0.05) in the soil erosion rate developed in the upstream catchment area, headcuts, and downstream gully beds. However, increasing trends were observed in temporal variations of hydraulic properties for downstream gully beds and the upstream catchment area. Despite significant differences in temporal variation between the soil erosion rate and hydraulic property values, relative steady state conditions of the soil erosion rate and ΔE were attained following an initial period of adjustment in the upstream catchment area, headcuts, and downstream gully beds under different discharge rates. A logarithmic growth of flow energy consumption per unit soil loss (ΔE_u) was observed in bank gullies and the upstream catchment area as the experiment progressed, further illustrating the actual reason behind the discrepancy in temporal variation between soil erosion rates and ΔE. Results demonstrate that ΔE can be used to estimate headcut erosion soil loss, but further quantitative studies are required to quantify coupling effects between hydraulic properties and vertical variation in soil mechanical properties on temporal variation for bank gully soil erosion rates. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An 8.1Ma calcite record of Asian summer monsoon evolution on the Chinese central Loess Plateau

Carbonates in loess-red clay sequences consist mainly of calcite and dolomite. The EDTA analysis of carbonates in different size fractions and magnetic susceptibility reveal that calcite is a sensitive index of summer monsoon. The chemical analysis of carbonates and calcite from an 8.1 Ma loess-red clay sequence at Chaona on the Chinese central Loess Plateau shows that the evolution of the Asian summer monsoon experienced four stages, namely 8.1―5.5 Ma, 5.5―2.8 Ma, 2.8―1.5 Ma and 1.5―0 Ma, with increasing intensification and fluctuation, suggesting a possible combining impacts of uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and global changes on the Asian summer monsoon.     

青藏铁路沿线不同类型挡沙墙阻沙率

基于风洞试验对青藏铁路沿线不同类型防沙措施防沙效果进行模拟研究,探讨了不同类型挡沙墙的防沙效果。结果表明：挂板式、轨枕式和箱式挡沙墙输沙率随高度基本呈递增缓变型趋势,最大输沙率低于20%;铃铛式和高立式聚乙烯（PE）网挡沙墙随高度呈递减陡降型趋势,距地表6~8 cm处为转折点,转折点以上输沙率随高度增大急剧减小,转折点以下输沙率随高度变化较为平缓,最大输沙率低于50%。随着风速的增大,各挡沙墙的阻沙率呈递减趋势：挂板式和轨枕式挡沙墙对风速的敏感性最弱,整体阻沙效果较优,可大范围推广;箱式挡沙墙对风速的敏感性较弱,建议在风速18 m·s^-1以下的地区使用;PE网挡沙墙防沙效果对风速的敏感性最强,建议在风速10 m·s^-1以下的地区使用。     

全球变化背景下北方泥炭地释放溶解有机碳的驱动机制

泥炭地（peatland）是一类储碳效率很高的特殊陆地生态系统,其碳储量约占全球土壤碳库的近1／3,对全球碳循环有着举足轻重的作用。有证据表明在过去20余年,北半球大范围的天然水体中溶解有机碳的浓度呈显著增升趋势。普遍认为与全球变化背景下北方泥炭地大规模释放溶解有机碳有关,但其驱动机制尚不十分清楚。已经提出的具有代表性...     

Modeling of water–rock interactions in an aquitard of sandy clay in the coastal area near Beihai,China

Unconsolidated sand, gravel and clay deposits near Beihai and in the Leizhou Peninsula in southern China form an unconfined aquifer, aquitard and a confined aquifer. Water and soil samples were collected from the two aquifers in the coastal Beihai area for the determination of chemical compositions, minerals and soluble ions. Hydrogeochemical modeling of three flow paths through the aquitard are carried out using PHREEQC to determine water–rock interactions along the flow paths. The results indicate that the dissolution of anorthite, fluorite, halite, rhodochrosite and CO₂, and precipitation of potash feldspar and kaolinite may be occurring when groundwater leaks through the aquitard from the unconfined aquifer to the confined aquifer. Cation exchanges between Na and Ca can also happen along the flow paths.     

红松、兴安落叶松、红皮云杉苗圃苗木的换床试验研究

通过对兴安落叶松、红松、红皮云杉等小兴安岭主要树种不同床高、不同解冻深度裸根苗的生长发育与土壤各层地温、主要气候因子关系的研究，表明：床高30—35cm对换床苗木生长较为有利。兴安落叶松以解冻15cm换床效果较好；红松以解冻25cm换床效果较好；红皮云杉以解冻20cm换床效果较好。气温、相对湿度、降水量、日照时数等主要气候因子对不同床高、不同解冻深度换床苗木生长的影响是多因子综合作用的结果，各气候因子之间相互制约、相互影响。     

测量系统差对大地水准面精度影响分析

从边值理论出发,推导了顾及Stokes核函数改化的观测值系统误差传播公式,基于超高阶重力场模型设计了仿真试验,以定量分析顾及核函数改化的重力异常系统差对大地水准面计算精度影响。仿真试验结果表明,重力异常系统差对大地水准面的影响表现为系统性特征,顾及核函数改化的Stokes积分公式能显著改进大地水准面计算精度,即使重力异常系统误差达3 mGal,大地水准面精度也优于1 cm,这些成果将为大地水准面精化工程的方案优化和质量评估提供有益参考。     

万华岩表层岩溶带岩溶动力系统的特点研究

万华岩地区碳酸盐岩中普遍发育的非碳酸盐岩夹层,以及“土层+裂隙层”表层岩溶带双层结构对岩溶动力系统和水循环具有显著影响:非碳酸盐岩地段的地下水因其矿化度较低,CO2 含量较高,而具有较强的侵蚀、溶蚀能力,导致岩溶动力系统的物质和能量传输非常活跃,一个岩溶泉年溶蚀量(以CaCO3计)达2795.4kg;由于非碳酸盐岩夹层的普遍存在,不仅阻碍地下水向深循环,而且还有利于土壤、植被的发育。土壤、植被与地表岩溶裂隙网络对区内岩溶地下水还具有较好的调蓄作用,以致使区内有众多的小泉点在地表出露。      

福建紫金山铜金矿床成矿流体演化数值模拟——混合和沸腾过程研究

利用ＣＨＩＬＬＥＲ软件模拟了紫金山铜金矿床主矿化阶段成矿流体的混合和局部减压等焓沸腾过程，模拟结果显示矿化具有低的ＨＳ＾－和Ｃａ＾２＋浓度，高的Ａｓ含量。在混全和沸腾过程中，随着温度和压力的降低，ｐＨ值和ｆＯ２逐渐降低，这是些金山铜金矿成矿流体的重要特征。     

海坛岛海岸风沙特征及其发育

论述了海坛岛海岸风沙堆积物的沉积特征，对风沙地貌的基本类型进行了划分，分析其发育的基本条件和触发因素，研究其发育历史。