A geo-ontology-based approach to decision-making in emergency management of meteorological disasters

Ontology as a kind of method for knowledge representation is able to provide semantic integration for decision support in emergency management activities of meteorological disasters. We examine a meteorological disaster system as composed of four components: disastrous meteorological events, hazard-inducing environments, hazard-bearing bodies, and emergency management. The geospatial characteristics of these components can be represented with geographical ontology (geo-ontology). In this paper, we propose an ontology representation of domain knowledge of a meteorological disaster system descending from an adapted geospatial foundation ontology, designed to formally conceptualize the domain terms and establish relationships between those concepts. The class hierarchy and relationships of the proposed ontology are implemented finally at top level, domain level/task level, and application level. The potential application of the ontology is illustrated with a case study of prediction of secondary disasters and evacuation decision of a typhoon event. The multi-level ontology model can provide semantic support for before-, during-, after-event emergency management activities such as risk assessment, resource preparedness, and emergency response where the formed concepts and their relationships can be incorporated into reasoning sentences of these decision processes. Furthermore, the ontology model is realized with a universally used intermediate language OWL, which enables it to be used in popular environments. This work will underlie the semantic integration among human beings, between heterogeneous systems and between human beings and systems, enable spatial semantic reasoning, and will be useful in guiding advanced decision support in emergency management of meteorological disasters.     

西藏安多早侏罗世火山岩岩石成因及对班公湖-怒江特提斯洋俯冲消减的制约

拉萨地块广泛分布着中生代的岩浆活动,研究它们对于认识特提斯洋的演化过程有着重要的启示。本文报道安多地区新识别出的早侏罗世岛弧型火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、锆石原位Hf同位素、全岩主微量元素分析和Sr-Nd同位素结果。英安岩206Pb/238U年龄为180.7±4.7Ma(MSWD=0.22,n=10),指示其形成时代为早侏罗世。这些火山岩的SiO_2含量为62.50%~76.15%,MgO含量为0.33%~3.05%,Fe_2O_3T含量为2.35%~6.69%;所有样品都显示轻稀土元素相对富集,具有铕的弱负异常,具有富集大离子亲石元素、亏损高场强元素的地球化学特征;同时这些火山岩锆石原位εHf(t)值均为正值(+15.1~+17.1);全岩Sr-Nd同位素εNd(t)值也均为正值(+7.1~+13.2),指示这些火山岩很可能是特提斯洋俯冲消减过程中新生下地壳部分熔融的产物。结合区域地质资料,认为安多火山岩不可能是龙木错-双湖古特提斯洋或雅鲁藏布江新特提斯洋俯冲消减的产物,而是班公湖-怒江特提斯洋俯冲消减的产物,区域上很可能与改则北、日土地区的侏罗纪侵入岩一起构成了班公湖-怒江特提斯洋北侧的岩浆弧带。由此本文认为安多早侏罗世岛弧型火山岩是班公湖-怒江特提斯洋北向俯冲消减的产物,从而为班公湖-怒江特提斯洋的俯冲消减过程提供了直接的火山岩证据。     

岩溶山区浅层基岩滑坡失稳机理研究 ——以大方县金星组滑坡为例

岩溶山区浅层滑坡具有发育规律性差、前期变形迹象小、面小点多等特征,早期识别难度大,难以实现全面调查与监测,因此,对典型案例的成因机理进行研究具有重要意义。2016年7月1日贵州省大方县金星组发生滑坡,共造成23人死亡。金星组滑坡滑体厚度平均仅为4 m,总方量约9.5×104 m3,属于典型的岩溶山区浅层基岩滑坡。研究认为,坡角大于岩层倾角的顺层坡体结构是滑坡发生的主要内在因素,而滑坡发生前的降雨入渗且无有效的排泄途径,导致坡体中的薄层泥岩发生泥化是金星组滑坡发生的直接触发因素。     

Recent Process in Near-Space Gravity Wave Analysis Based on Satellite Measurements

This article focused on the research progress in the gravity wave analysis based on satellite measurements including MODIS, AIRS, AMSU, MLS, DNB, COSMIC,HIRDLS and SOFIE. Besides, a few ground-based observation results and numerical models were briefly introduced and some cases of joint applications of satellite observations with ground-based observations and numerical models in the gravity waves were listed. In general, the satellite remote sensing data play an important role in the study of the characteristics in near-space environment, which can be applied to analyze the scales of gravity waves induced by different sources, correlations between the instabilities and waves as well as their patterns, the impacts in the climate process, wave-wave interactions and wave-flow interactions with other data.     

The history of water salinity in the Pearl River estuary,China, during the Late Quaternary

This research reconstructed the Late Quaternary salinity history of the Pearl River estuary, China, from diatom records of four sedimentary cores. The reconstruction was produced through the application of a diatom–salinity transfer function developed based on 77 modern surface sediment samples collected across the estuary from shallow marine environment to deltaic distributaries. The statistical analysis indicates that the majority of sediment samples from the cores has good modern analogues, thus the reconstructions are reliable. The reconstructed salinity history shows the older estuarine sequence formed during the last interglacial was deposited under similar salinity conditions to the younger estuarine sequence, which was formed during the present interglacial. Further analysis into the younger estuarine sequence reveals the interplays between sea level, monsoon‐driven freshwater discharge, and deltaic shoreline movement, key factors that have influenced water salinity in the estuary. In particular, a core from the delta plain shows the effects of sea‐level change and deltaic progradation, while cores from the mouth region of the estuary reveal changes of monsoon‐driven freshwater discharge. This study demonstrates the advantages of quantitative salinity reconstructions to improve the quality of reconstruction and allow direct comparison with other quantitative records and the instrumentally observed values of salinity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

断裂带变形分析方法研究

结合地质、地球物理和小震精定位结果,对小江断裂带3条断层参数地质分段进行合理选取,并设定一定的差异范围,利用GPS区域网资料分析各断层段的变形状态。结果表明,断层参数的设定对反演结果影响很大(导致断层的位错量差异高达3 mm)。在断层参数难以确定的情况下,扫描线段法在一定程度上能反映断层的变形状态。     

基于Modis地表温度的横断山区气温估算及其时空规律分析

横断山区气象观测站稀少且多分布在河谷之中,气温资料极度匮乏,严重影响山区地理与生态研究。随着遥感技术的发展,热红外遥感数据,结合地面观测数据,可以用来推测山区气温。本文通过对横断山区2001 年-2007 年间64 个气象台站的多年月平均气温数据(Ta) 与Modis地表温度多年月平均值(Ts) 进行了时序分析和回归分析,并取得如下研究结果：(1) Ts 与Ta 具有非常好的线性相关关系,89%的台站的决定系数高于0.5;95%的台站的标准误差都低于3 oC,84.4%的台站标准误差低于2.5 oC;12 个月份的Ts 与Ta 的决定系数R²在0.63~0.90 之间,标准误差在2.22~3.05 oC之间。(2) 研究区内月均气温的变化范围在-2.25~15.64 oC之间;生长季(5-9 月份) 的月均气温变化范围为：10.44~15.64 oC。(3) 等温线的海拔高度自山体外围向内部逐渐升高,与山体效应的增温效应相吻合;0 oC等温线自10 月份从海拔4700±500 m左右逐渐降低,至1月份降至最低点,约在3500±500 m左右,此后,逐渐回升,至次年5 月份再次达到4700±500 m左右,也就是说横断山区5200 m以下的广大山区全年至少有6~12 个月的气温在0 oC以上。研究表明：可以利用Modis月均地表温度结合地面观测台站的数据较精确的估算山区月均气温。     

2010年玉树Ms7.1地震前的重力变化

利用中国地壳运动观测网络1998—2008年绝对重力和相对重力观测资料,获得了玉树地震区域重力场及其动态变化,从动态的观点研究了2010年4月14日玉树Ms7.1地震前区域重力场演化特征及其与地震活动的关系。结果表明：1)重力变化与甘孜 玉树断裂构造活动存在密切的空间联系,重力测量较好地反映了伴随活动断层的物质迁移和构造变形引起的地表重力变化效应;2)区域重力场动态图像较完整地反映了2010年4月14日玉树7.1级地震孕育、发生过程中出现的流动重力观测得到的异常前兆信息;3)玉树震中附近重力点值时序变化累积量超过80× 10^-8 ms-2,较好地反映了玉树地震前重力测点随时间的剧烈波动性上升变化。     

The Effects of Rapid Temperature Changes on HK,PK and HSP70 of Litopenaeus vannamei in Different Seasons

Activities of hexokinase(HK),pyruvate kinase(PK) and levels of HSP70 were measured to evaluate the response of Litopenaeus vannamei to rapid temperature changes under controlled laboratory conditions.Shrimps were subjected to a quick temperature change from 27℃ to 17℃ for the summer case(Cold temperature treatment),or from 17℃ to 27℃ for the winter case(Warm temperature treatment).After 0.5,1,3,6,12,24,48,and 72 h of exposure time,shrimps were sampled and prepared for further analysis.The results showed that the effect of acute temperature changes on activities of HK was significant.Patterns of variations of the two glycolytic enzymes suggested that enzymes in the glycolysis cycle could adjust their activities to meet the acute temperature change.The HSP70 level increased in both cold and warm temperature treatments,suggesting that the rapid temperature changes activated the process of body's self-protection.But the difference in expression peak of HSP70 might be related to the different body size and the higher thermal sensitivity to temperature increase than to temperature decrease of L.vannamei.     

Organic geochemical record of environmental changes in Lake Dianchi,China

In order to investigate the natural ecosystem of Lake Dianchi and to assess its anthropogenic impacts, a stratigraphic study of bulk and molecular compositions of organic matter was conducted using a 63-cm long sediment core. The results show that two apparent environmental changes occurred during the evolution of Lake Dianchi: (1) the first change occurred in the 43–63 cm sediment depth, and was revealed by the amount and the composition of organic matter in the stage. Natural changes were possibly major factors responsible for triggering the environmental change, but the influence of human activities could not be excluded. Subsequently, the lake entered into a relatively stable and oligotrophic stage, which maintained until 20-cm sediment depth. (2) Eutrophication started in the upper 20 cm depth. Human activities became a major factor influencing environmental changes in this stage. Vertical profiles of various organic geochemical variables in the upper 20-cm sediments show evidence that primary productivity of the lake increased progressively and that the lake started eutrophic. Especially in the uppermost 10 cm, notable excursions to less negative δ¹³C_org and δ¹⁵N_total and high TOC concentrations have recorded an abrupt change in the lacustrine environment, suggesting that the lake entered a hypereutrophic stage. In addition, enhancement of αβ-hopanes reflects the contribution of fossil fuels to the lake sediments.