Detrimental effects of reduced seawater pH on the early development of the Pacific abalone

The hatching process of the Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai was prolonged at a pH of 7.6 and pH 7.3, and the embryonic developmental success was reduced. The hatching rate at pH 7.3 was significantly (10.8%) lower than that of the control (pH 8.2). The malformation rates at pH 7.9 and pH 8.2 were less than 20% but were 53.8% and 77.3% at pH 7.6 and pH 7.3, respectively. When newly hatched larvae were incubated for 48 h at pH 7.3, only 2.7% of the larvae settled, while more than 70% of the larvae completed settlement in the other three pH treatments. However, most 24 h old larvae could complete metamorphosis in all four pH treatments. Overall, a 0.3-unit reduction in water pH will produce no negative effect on the early development of the Pacific abalone, but further reduction in pH to the values predicted for seawater by the end of this century will have strong detrimental effects.     

一种空间关系相似性约束的居民地匹配算法

从分析人在寻找陌生地物时的思维习惯入手,在居民地匹配过程中引入了空间关系相似性约束。对两个居民地之间的拓扑关系、距离关系和方向关系的相似性进行了分析,并提出了符合人认知习惯的离散化计算方法。在匹配过程中,以突出居民地作为起始对象,以已匹配居民地作为参照,对未匹配居民地按空间邻近原则进行广度优先搜索,利用空间关系相似性约束来缩小匹配目标备选集,实现了空间关系有序的精确匹配。最后,对已匹配对象实施了基于邻近对象空间关系相似性校验的匹配质量检查。实验结果表明,该算法在待匹配数据位移较大、居民地对象形状同质化较高的情况下优势明显,能够有效提升匹配精度。     

Weighted total least squares: necessary and sufficient conditions, fixed and random parameters

A standard errors-in-variables (EIV) model refers to a Gauss–Markov model with an uncertain model matrix from a geodetic perspective. Least squares within the EIV model is usually called the total least squares (TLS) technique because of its symmetrical adjustment. However, the solutions and computational advantages of the weighted TLS problem with a general weight matrix (WTLS) are mostly unknown. In this study, the WTLS problem was solved using three different approaches: iterative methods based on the normal equation, the iteratively linearized Gauss–Helmert model with algebraic Jacobian matrices, and numerical analysis. Furthermore, sufficient conditions for WTLS optimization were investigated systematically as proposed solutions yield only necessary conditions for optimality. A WTLS solution was considered to treat random parameters within the EIV model. Last, applications to test these novel algorithms are presented.     

基于抗差估计的GPS／CoMPASS组合实时差分定位算法

在GPS／cOMPASS组合差分定位基础上,引入抗差估计方法,通过降权调整合有粗差观测值对定位的影响,利用路测试验,对比RTK的厘米级定位,结果表明：抗差GPS／COMPASS组合实时差分定位优于非抗差定位,平面精度在2．0m左右。     

What about people in pedestrian navigation?

Pedestrian navigation has become an important theoretical and practical research topic in many disciplines such as cartography, geographical information science, global and indoor positioning, spatial behavior, psychology, sociology, and neuroscience. Many research studies view pedestrian navigation using process-oriented and goal-directed approaches. However, this paper revisits people’s needs in pedestrian navigation and classifies their needs as three layers: physical sense layer, physiological safety layer, and mental satisfaction layer according to Maslow’s theory. This paper introduces a people-centric framework for pedestrian navigation theory based on these three layers and discusses theoretical challenges for meeting each layer of people’s needs. These challenging theories may represent promising and valuable research and promote usage of pedestrian navigation systems or devices in the future.     

注聚调驱井聚合物堵塞物的矿物复合结构形貌及组成特征

胜利油田渤19区块注交联聚合物开采多年后,因注入水的水质不达标导致聚合物过度交联形成强凝胶,造成聚合物注入区块许多油水井的堵塞。对现场聚合物垢样品所做的化学组分、表面元素能谱及红外光谱的研究表明,垢的主体结构由交联的聚丙烯酰胺组成,交联体吸收了大量水分,在交联体内小环境中因富集而形成氯化物矿物晶体无机垢结构,而在成垢的过程中又将地层内的一些粘土矿物包裹于交联体内,形成具有聚合物-矿物复合结构的强胶凝态物质,严重影响聚合物注入—调剖—驱油过程中的聚合物溶液的流动。     

豫西老君山花岗岩体SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄及其地球化学特征

豫西老君山花岗岩体位于北秦岭造山带中黑沟—栾川区域性断裂带的南侧。通过系统的野外调查,将岩体划分为3个主要的成岩期次:第1期为含小斑细中粒黑云母二长花岗岩,第2期为中斑中粒黑云母二长花岗岩,第3期为大斑中粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩,具有同心环带分布特征。在矿物组成和岩石地球化学成分特点上,这3期花岗岩体基本相似,均由钾长石、斜长石、黑云母和石英组成,但在岩石结构上有明显差异。岩石具有高硅(SiO2>70%)、高碱(NaO+K2O=8.28%～9.53%)、低钙(CaO=0.68%～2.42%)的特点。在微量元素上,Ba、Sr、Nb、Zr、Th、Rb含量较高,Co、Ni、Cr、V、Sc含量低。岩体属于I型花岗岩。第2期和第3期花岗岩的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年结果分别为(111±1)Ma(MSWD=0.41)和(108±1)Ma(MSWD=0.39),岩体形成于早白垩世,是中国东部晚中生代大规模岩浆作用晚期的产物。     

中国矿山地质灾害分布特征

矿山地质灾害是人类矿业活动和自然地质作用作用于地质环境造成的灾害事件。近几年,随着矿产资源开发力度的不断加大,矿山地质灾害发生频率呈加剧趋势,对矿业正常生产和人居生态环境构成严重的威胁,甚至造成重大的群死群伤灾难。依据2002—2005年全国31个省（自治区、直辖市）矿山地质环境调查与评估的成果资料,利用数据统计、分析、总结的方法,按不同省区市、不同地质环境背景区、不同类型矿产、不同规模的矿山、不同开采方式,简述了中国矿业开发引发的崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地面塌陷、地裂缝5种地质灾害的时空分布特征和危害,为矿山地质灾害监测、防治提供基础信息。     

贵州“三稀”元素矿床特征及找矿前景分析

＂三稀＂元素是现代高精尖科学技术重要的战略资源。本文总结和分析了贵州典型＂三稀＂元素矿床的基本特征,将＂三稀＂元素矿床划分为沉积、热液和岩浆作用3种成因和9个类型,并对不同类型矿床的资源潜力进行了探讨。分析认为,沉积、热液成因＂三稀＂元素矿床是地质找矿重点,黑色岩系型、含煤岩系型、铝铁岩系型、磷块岩系型＂三稀＂元素矿床具有重大资源潜力,铅锌矿型、汞锑金矿型＂三稀＂元素矿床具有富集度高和独立成矿优势。对现有优势矿床及其含矿岩系开展＂三稀＂元素资源潜力的再评价是发现共（伴）生＂三稀＂矿产的有效途径,也是构建资源节约型、环境保护型社会的时代要求。     

豫西老君山地区钼矿地质特征及辉钼矿 Re-Os同位素年龄

东秦岭钼矿带内的金堆城、南泥湖、上房沟、石家湾、雷门沟、东沟、夜长坪等钼矿床均产于燕山期小规模的花岗斑岩体中。近些年来,在大面积出露的老君山花岗岩基内及其与围岩的接触带中亦发现了斑岩型钼矿床和矿点,是一个找矿潜力较大的远景区。为了总结该区钼矿的成矿规律和建立成矿模式,以便更有效地指导找矿勘查,笔者在矿床地质特征和成因研究的基础上,对钼矿的成矿作用时限进行了约束。硫同位素研究显示,老君山地区钼矿床（点）的δ34S值为2.4‰⁶.3‰,表明其硫很可能来自岩浆流体。氢、氧同位素研究表明,其成矿流体的δDV-SMOW为-108‰^-82‰,δ18OV-SMOW为6.3‰¹0.4‰,反映出成矿流体来自混合的岩浆水与大气降水。文章对该区3个钼矿床（点）的6件不同矿化类型的辉钼矿样品进行了Re-Os同位素测年,获得了辉钼矿的Re-Os模式年龄为（109.8±1.6）^114.5±1.7Ma,等时线年龄为（114.3±3.4）Ma,表明其成矿作用发生于早白垩世,与赋矿的老君山花岗岩体的侵位年龄相一致,应为同一岩浆-构造-流体活动的产物。老君山地区钼矿床（点）与东沟、鱼池岭、汤家坪和沙坪沟等斑岩钼矿床,均形成于早白垩世中国东部区域岩石圈大规模伸展的构造环境。