Response to short term starvation of growth, haematological, biochemical and non-specific immune parameters in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and blackspot sea bream (Pagellus bogaraveo)

Growth, haematological (haematocrit), biochemical (serum cortisol and glucose), and non-specific immune (lysozyme, serum haemolytic and haemagglutinating activities, extracellular respiratory burst activity) parameters, were monitored in European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax and blackspot sea bream Pagellus bogaraveo subjected to a 31 days starvation compared to fed fish, to assess the responses to feed deprivation of these health status indicators. While haematocrit, serum cortisol, glucose and haemolytic activity of both species did not undergo significant variation following starvation, probably due to the short period applied, some non-specific immune parameters were affected significantly. In the starved sea bass, mucus lysozyme content doubled (1.8 U/mL) compared to the initial value. Haemagglutinating activity was significantly lower in starved sea bass than in fed fish after 31 days. In blackspot sea bream, a slight, not significant, reduction in haemagglutinating activity occurred 11 days after starvation. Respiratory burst activity decreased significantly in the starved fish. In spite of the limited number of examined parameters, the opportunity to use a panel of several indicators to obtain a more complete picture of health status in fish was underlined.     

基于街道空间数据及GPS测量的SRTM-DEM校正和插值细化

针对城市地区SRTM数字高程模型,本文引入街道空间分布信息作为辅助数据,并结合GPS实地测量,对DEM中具有空间相关性的误差部分进行修正,从而尝试在一定程度上提高SRTM数据的垂直精度和空间分辨率.本文以墨西哥城Xico地区为例,解析SRTM DEM像元分辨率单元内地物表面平均高程值的组成结构;分析形成DEM高程值的地...     

Beyond water, beyond boundaries: spaces of water management in the Krishna river basin, South India

As demand and competition for water resources increase, the river basin has become the primary unit for water management and planning. While appealing in principle, practical implementation of river basin management and allocation has often been problematic. This paper examines the case of the Krishna basin in South India. It highlights that conflicts over basin water are embedded in a broad reality of planning and development where multiple scales of decisionmaking and non-water issues are at play. While this defines the river basin as a disputed "space of dependence", the river basin has yet to acquire a social reality. It is not yet a "space of engagement" in and for which multiple actors take actions. This explains the endurance of an interstate dispute over the sharing of the Krishna waters and sets limits to what can be achieved through further basin water allocation and adjudication mechanisms – tribunals – that are too narrowly defined. There is a need to extend the domain of negotiation from that of a single river basin to multiple scales and to non-water sectors. Institutional arrangements for basin management need to internalise the political spaces of the Indian polity: the states and the panchayats. This re-scaling process is more likely to shape the river basin as a space of engagement in which partial agreements can be iteratively renegotiated, and constitute a promising alternative to the current interstate stalemate.     

Tree population dynamics of three altitudinal vegetation communities on Mount Cameroon (1989�C2004)

Changes in permanent sample plots in the lowland,submontane and montane forests on Mount Cameroon(4,095 m above sea level),an active volcano,are described for 15 years from 1989 to 2004.Throughout the study period,the stocking level of trees with a diameter at breast height(DBH) ≥ 10 cm in the three forests were lower than in pan-tropical stands suggesting a significant impact of volcanic and human-related activities on the vegetation communities on the mountain.Annual mortality rates in the submontane and montane forests were consistent with those reported for comparable altitudinal ranges in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica.The annual mortality rate was higher in the lowland forest than other lowland sites included.Divergence between recruitment and mortality rates was large suggesting that the three vegetation communities have not reached their climax.The seven-year difference in half-life of large trees(with a DBH ≥ 50 cm) in the submontane and montane forests suggests an altitudinal effect on turnover of larger trees that in turn contributes to the frequent small stature of high altitude forests.There was little evidence of an altitudinal effect on species turnover and growth rate.This finding supports generalizations about the zero effect of growth on the stature of high altitude trees.Understanding forest dynamics is crucially important in the management of tropical montane environmentsand in this instance particularly so given the recent creation of the Mount Cameroon National Park.     

Seasonal variations of exposure biomarkers, oxidative stress responses and cell damage in the clams, Tapes philippinarum, and mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, from Adriatic sea

This work investigated the natural variability of several biomarkers in Tapes philippinarum and Mytilus galloprovincialis, sampled from Northern Adriatic where these organisms are important sentinel species for future environmental impact assessment. Levels of metallothioneins, peroxisomal enzymes and acetylcholinesterase, showed a significant seasonality and marked differences between clams and mussels. Among antioxidant enzymes, catalase and GST decreased during the warmer period, the latter enzyme activity resulting particularly high in clams. The total oxyradical scavenging capacity toward peroxyl radicals decreased in mussels from winter to summer, indicating a prooxidant challenge due to higher seawater temperature and intensity of light irradiance. Lysosomal membrane stability did not exhibit significant seasonal variations, while some variations were observed for DNA damages. Overall results indicated a significant influence of seasonal variability on several biomarkers and species-specific differences which should be considered to discriminate the appearance of anthropogenic disturbance.     

Oxidative damage in rainbow trout caged in a polluted river

Sewage treatment works (STWs) are a common source of chemicals entering into the aquatic environment. In order to assess effects of these effluents on oxidative stress parameters in aquatic organisms, we caged rainbow trout at five sites: upstream, near an STW effluent, and three sites downstream in the river Viskan in western Sweden for 14 days during autumn, 2006. We then measured protein carbonyls in plasma as well as 20S proteosome activity and lipid peroxidation products, i.e. MDA and 4-HNE, in liver samples. Levels of both lipid and protein oxidative damage products were elevated in fish caged near the STW effluent while 20S activity showed no differences. This argues that complex mixtures of chemicals entering into the aquatic environment do have deleterious effects on fish. Additionally, oxidative stress parameters can serve as a biomarker in aquatic organisms.     

应用第四纪研究的新进展

世界人口的不断增长及技术的发展对自然环境的改变越来越严重。人类需要越来越多的地球资源,对地球表面自然过程的影响也不断加大。与其他主要自然过程一样,人类已成为一种重要的地质营力。矿产、能源及水资源的开发,建筑施工及人类活动引起的侵蚀大约每人每年20t,这一数字可以与世界河流输沙以及板块活动引起的海底破坏和扩张相比。     

Hack's law of debris-flow basins

Hack's law was originally derived from basin statistics for varied spatial scales and regions.The exponent value of the law has been shown to vary between 0.47 and 0.70,causing uncertainty in its application.This paper focuses on the emergence of Hack's law from debris-flow basins in China.Over 5,000 debris-flow basins in different regions of China with drainage areas less than 100km2 are included in this study.Basins in the different regions are found to present similar distributions.Hack's law is derived fi'om maximum probability and conditional distributions,suggesting that the law should describe some critical state of basin evolution.Results suggest the exponent value is approximately 0.5.Further analysis indicates that Hack's law is related to other scaling laws underlying the evolution of a basin and that the exponent is not dependent on basin shape but rather on the evolutionary stage.A case study of a well known debris-flow basin further confirms Hack's law and its implications in basin evolution.     

不同类型热液金矿系统的流体包裹体特征

为使流体包裹体研究结果得到较好的解释,避免矿床地质描述与流体包裹体研究结果发生矛盾,本文试图以金矿床为例,建立科学而简便易行的矿床地质与包裹体特征之间的链接。为此,本文简单评述了现有金矿床成因分类方案,建议以主导成矿系统发育的地质作用特征划分5种类型：①浆控高温热液型,包括斑岩型、爆破角砾岩型、铁氧化物型、夕卡岩型等岩浆热液型矿床;②造山型,即变质热液型;③浅成低温热液型——陆相火山岩一次火山岩中的改造热液型;④微细粒浸染型（卡林型或／类卡林型）——沉积岩容矿的改造热液型;⑤热水沉积型（VMS型和SEDEX型）——水下喷出地表的改造热液型。然后,分别介绍了5类成矿系统的标志性地质和流体包裹体特征,找出了它们之间具有成因标志意义的关键性差异;将成矿流体分为改造、变质和岩浆3个端元性成分,发现多数热液矿床具有多阶段多因复成的特点,晚阶段流体均为改造热液或有大量改造热液注入,因此指出,晚阶段的流体、蚀变和矿化特征不能用于判别矿床成因和类型,只有早阶段的特征才能准确指示矿床成因和类型。改造热液以低温、低盐度、低CO2含量为特征,主要来自大气降水和／或海水;变质热液以中温、低盐度、高CO2含量为特征,而岩浆热液则以高温、高盐度、高CO2含量为特征;岩浆热液矿床发育含多种子晶包裹体和高盐度富CO2的包裹体,变质热液矿床发育低盐度富CO2包裹体,改造热液矿床总体缺乏含子晶包裹体和富／含CO2包裹体,大量发育水溶液包裹体。最后,讨论了各类成矿系统发育的岩石圈构造背景,如造山型矿床形成于地壳挤压造山．变质．隆升过程,热水沉积型矿床形成于地壳拉张成盆过程,古生代或更早的浅成低温热液型矿床只能保存在增生型造山带等,提出矿床及其包裹体是研究大陆动力学的理想探针。