Simplified approach for design of raft foundations against fault rupture. Part Ⅱ： soil-structure interaction

This is the second paper of two, which describe the results of an integrated research effort to develop a four-step simplified approach for design of raft foundations against dip-slip （normal and thrust） fault rupture. The first two steps dealing with fault rupture propagation in the free-field were presented in the companion paper. This paper develops an approximate analytical method to analyze soil-foundation-structure interaction （SFSI）, involving two additional phenomena： （i） fault rupture diversion （Step 3）; and （ii） modification of the vertical displacement profile （Step 4）. For the first phenomenon （Step 3）, an approximate energy-based approach is developed to estimate the diversion of a fault rupture due to presence of a raft foundation. The normalized critical load for complete diversion is shown to be a function of soil strength, coefficient of earth pressure at rest, bedrock depth, and the horizontal position of the foundation relative to the outcropping fault rupture. For the second phenomenon （Step 4）, a heuristic approach is proposed, which ＂scans＂ through possible equilibrium positions to detect the one that best satisfies force and moment equilibrium. Thus, we account for the strong geometric nonlinearities that govern this interaction, such as uplifting and second order （P-△） effects. Comparisons with centrifuge-validated finite element analyses demonstrate the efficacy of the method. Its simplicity makes possible its utilization for preliminary design.     

Lethal toxicity of industrial detergent on bottom dwelling sentinels

We used fresh and brackish water shrimp （Desmoscaris trispinosa and Palaemonetes africanus）, in sediment bioassays to assess the toxicity of an industrial detergent containing high levels of anionic surfactant （linear alkylbenzene sulphonate （LAS））. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development （OECD）, # 218 direct sediment toxicity assessment was employed. The organisms were exposed to different concentrations （31.25, 62.5, 125,250 and 500 mg/kg） of the chemical （Neatex） in replicate treatments. Percentage mortality was measured as the ecological endpoint. Mean mortality and estimated lethal concentration LCso values varied with species type, concentration and exposure duration. The statistical variation in the observed mean mortality of the test organisms in the chemical and the control treatment shows that mortality may be induced by the effect of the chemicals. The lethal concentration （LCso） was significantly different at levels ofp 〈 0.05 for the fresh and brackish water experiments. Consequently, assessment of water and sediment quality as a result of chemical pollutants was necessary for protecting some of the more sensitive benthic invertebrates representing the major proportion of the diet of many species in the Niger Delta ecological zone.     

Engineering vibration monitoring by GPS： long duration records

Monitoring the performance of any structure requires real-time measurements of the change of position of critical points.Different techniques can be used for this purpose,each one offering advantages and disadvantages.The technique based on satellite positioning systems(GPS,GLONASS and the future GALILEO)seems to be very promising at least for long period structures.The GPS in particular provides sampling rates that are able to track dynamic displacements with high accuracy.Its service ability is indepen...     

Deep Geodynamics of the Himalaya Orogeny

DEEP GEODYNAMICS OF THE HIMALAYA OROGENYRFBR( grant 990 56 56 38)     

通过塞米巴拉金斯克的低当量爆炸研究NORESS台阵的远震事件检测

布设在挪威的小孔径台阵NORESS是为改进高频段(1～15Hz)信噪比而设计的。虽然它的主要目的是增强检测和特征化区域距离上的弱地震事件的能力,但还发现这种台阵对于研究远震事件也是非常有效的,尤其是用在欧亚大陆。这主要有两方面的原因:(1)由于高Q值路径,欧亚地震和爆炸记录一般有较高的主频,通常在1.5～4.0Hz范围内,而该区域的噪声水平较低;(2)在此频率范围内,台阵有特别高的信噪比增益12～14dB(0.6～0.7m_b单位)。 NORESS台阵在线检测效能的分析表明,即使在小震中区内也有大的区域变化。这主要是源区底下的信号集中效应,类似于以前横跨大台阵观测的接收器集中效应。对NORESS记录的塞米巴拉金斯克试验场地下核爆炸的详细研究表明,相对于全球m_b,NORESS有明显的正m_b偏差。其在东部(沙甘河)最高(1.0m_b单位),而在西部(德格连/科尼斯坦)稍低(0.4m_b单位),尽管各区城内相当分散。分析NORESS台阵接收的一组塞米巴拉金斯克低当量核爆炸资料的观测信噪比,参考公开发表的俄文文献中给出的当量,我们估计,在正常的噪声条件下,NORESS台阵能检测到低到0.1kt全偶合的爆炸信号。但由于只有少量的参考事件且其中大量是推断的,给出一个精确的阈值是困难的。需要强调的是,在噪声水平异常高(如在大地震的尾波中)或偶合条件不是很佳(如在完全或部分空解偶)的情况下,这个检测水平是达不到的。还必须注意,事件识别阈值必须高于信号检测阈值。     

西昆仑大地构造相解剖及其多岛增生过程

西昆仑造山带的大地构造相自北向南大致包括：（ｉ）塔里木地块西南构造域, （ｉｉ）库地北岩浆弧,（ｉｉｉ）库地混杂带,（ｉｖ）库地微陆块,（ｖ）主剪切带,（ｖｉ）峡南桥钙 碱性岩浆杂岩带,（ｖｉｉ）麻扎－康西瓦混杂带－增生楔,（ｖｉｉｉ）甜水海前陆褶皱冲断带等组成 部分．其中大地构造相（Ｉ）－（ｖ）记录了晚元古代－早古生代原特提斯大洋向北消减,欧 亚大陆向南增生的历史,而大地构造相（ｖｉ）－（ｖｉｉｉ）记录了羌塘地块北部被动陆缘沉积 大地构造演化、古特提斯洋晚古生代－早中生代的消减以及羌塘地块与欧亚大陆碰撞、 拼贴并最终焊合的历史．大地构造相分析表明西昆仑造山带存在复杂的多岛海－增生弧 造山作用．这种复杂的多岛增生作用是欧亚大陆向南增生的重要特征．     

重庆市丰都县弹子台水库工程地质问题

根据室内外大量调查测试资料,对重庆市丰都县弹子台水库特殊的工程地质问题,进行了阐述和深入系统分析,所得结论为该水库的论证和设计提供了依据。     

Structural and tectonothermal evolution of the ultrahigh-temperature Bakhuis Granulite Belt,Guiana Shield,Surinam:Palaeoproterozoic to recent

We constrain the multistage tectonic evolution of the Palaeoproterozoic UHT metamorphic(P=0.9–1.0 GPa,T>1000℃,t=2088–2031 Ma)Bakhuis Granulite Belt(BGB)in Surinam on the Guiana Shield,using large-to small-scale structures,Al-in-hornblende thermobarometry and published fluid inclusion and zircon geochronological data.The BGB forms a narrow,NE–SW striking belt between two formerly connected,~E–W oriented granite-greenstone belts,formed between converging Amazonian and West African continental masses prior to collision and Transamazonian orogeny.Inherited detrital zircon in BGB metasediments conforms agewise to Birimian zircon of West Africa and suggests derivation from the subsequently subducted African passive margin.Ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism may have followed slab break-off and asthenospheric heat advection.Peak metamorphic structures result from layer-parallel shearing and folding,reflecting initial transtensional exhumation of the subducted African margin after slab break-off.A second HT event involves intrusion,at ca.0.49 GPa,of charnockites and metagabbros at 1993–1984 Ma and a layered anorthosite at 1980 Ma,after the BGB had already cooled to<400℃.The event is related to northward subduction under the greenstone belts,along a new active margin to their south.A pronounced syntaxial bend in the new margin points northward towards the BGB and is likely the result of indentation by an anticlinorial flexural bulge of the subducting plate.Tearing of the subducting oceanic plate along this bulge explains why the charnockites are restricted to the BGB.The BGB subsequently experienced doming under an extensional detachment exposed in its southwestern border zone.Exhumation was focused in the BGB as a result of the flexural bulge in the subducting plate and localised heating of the overriding plate by charnockite magmatism.The present,straight NE–SW long-side boundaries of the BGB are superimposed mylonite zones,overprinted by pseudotachylites,previously dated at ca.1200 Ma and 950 Ma,respectively.The 1200 Ma mylonites reflect transpressional popping-up of the BGB,caused by EW-directed intraplate principal compressive stresses from Grenvillian collision preserved under the eastern Andes.Further exhumation of the BGB involved the 950 Ma pseudotachylite decorated faulting,and Phanerozoic faulting along reactivated Meso-and Neoproterozoic lineaments.     

岩浆型磷灰石结构四面体替换特征的标型意义

根据文献中列了的５６个产于碳酸岩－碱性岩磷灰石的成分数据，讨论了这些岩浆型磷灰石结构四面体替换特征的标型意义，并定义出四面体替换指数，（ＴＳＩ＝（Ｓｉ＋ＳＣ）／Ｐ，单位晶胞原子数百分比），以区别侵入相碳酸岩磷灰石，喷发相碳酸岩磷灰石和碱性岩磷灰石：ＩＡＰ的ＴＳＩ为０－６．９，平均３．６２，仅少量Ｃ进入Ｔ位置；