Determination of HBCD, PBDEs and MeO-BDEs in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) stranded between 1993 and 2003

Blubber samples from male California sea lions (Zalphophus californianus) stranded between 1993 and 2003 were analyzed for 27 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, three isomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and 14 methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether (MeO-BDE) congeners. Total PBDEs ranged from 450 ng/g to 4740 ng/g wet mass and total HBCD ranged from < 0.3 ng/g to 12 ng/g wet mass. The concentration of HBCD increased from 0.7 ng/g to12.0 ng/g wet mass in sea lion blubber between 1993 and 2003. However, no significant temporal trend was observed for any of the other brominated compounds over this 10 year period. Only one of the 14 MeO-BDE congeners was detected in the blubber samples, 6-methoxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (6-MeO-BDE 47), and concentrations ranged from < 0.2 ng/g to 12 ng/g wet mass. A bromo-, chloro-heterocyclic compound, 1,1'-dimethyl-tetrabromo-dichloro-2,2'-bipyrrole (DBP-Br4Cl2), previously reported in marine species along the Pacific coast, was also identified in the sea lion blubber. DBP-Br4Cl2 ranged from 44 ng/g wet mass to 660 ng/g wet mass and was present at concentrations rivaling the dominant PBDE congener, BDE 47 (2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether). Concentrations of DBP-Br4Cl2 were positively correlated with 6-MeO-BDE 47 (r = 0.7; p < 0.05). Both of these compounds have been identified in marine algae and sponges, and studies suggest they are both produced from natural sources. This study demonstrates that brominated compounds from both anthropogenic and biogenic sources can accumulate to similar levels in marine mammals. In addition, HBCD concentrations appear to be increasing in California sea lion populations, whereas PBDE concentrations, between 1993 and 2003, were highly variable.     

Use of biliary PAH metabolites as a biomarker of pollution in fish from the Baltic Sea

During field campaigns of the BEEP project (Biological Effects of Environmental Pollution in Marine Coastal Ecosystems) in 2001-2002, metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in bile samples from three fish species, flounder (Platichthys flesus), perch (Perca fluviatilis) and eelpout (Zoarces viviparus), from four separate areas in the Baltic Sea. Two determination methods were applied: fixed wavelength fluorescence (FF) for pyrene-type metabolites and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC). There was a good correlation between the FF method and 1-OH pyrene determined by HPLC. Normalisation of the FF data for absorbance at 380 nm or bile protein concentrations greatly increased variance in one third and decreased it in two thirds of the cases and resulted in a loss of significant differences (protein normalisation) between the sampling stations, but normalisation of the HPLC data had little effect on the results. The biliary PAH metabolite content was usually higher in males than in females. In perch and eelpout the biliary PAH contents were at similar levels, whereas in flounder the levels were lower. The sampling areas arranged in decreasing order of biliary PAH contents were: Wismar Bay > Gulf of Gdansk > Lithuanian coast > Kvadofj?rden (reference area). It is concluded that FF with un-normalised data is a reliable and simple method for monitoring purposes and only one sex of a selected species should be used.     

Numerical study of flow and gas diffusion in the near-wake behind an isolated building

To assist validation of the experimental data of urban pollution dispersion, the effect of an isolated building on the flow and gaseous diffusion in the wake region have been investigated numerically in the neutrally stratified rough-walled turbulent boundary layer. Numerical studies were carried out using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models. The CFD models used for the simulation were based on the steady-state Reynolds-Average Navier-Stoke equations (RANS) with κ-ε turbulence models; standard κ-ε and RNG κ-ε models. Inlet conditions and boundary conditions were specified numerically to the best information available for each fluid modeling simulation. A gas pollutant was emitted from a point source within the recirculation cavity behind the building model. The accuracy of these simulations was examined by comparing the predicted results with wind tunnel experimental data. It was confirmed that simulation using the model accurately reproduces the velocity and concentration diffusion fields with a fine-mish resolution in the near wake region. Results indicated that there is a good agreement between the numerical simulation and the wind tunnel experiment for both wind flow and concentration diffusion. The results of this work can help to improve the understanding of mechanisms of and simulation of pollutant transport in an urban environment.     

Notes on the Geological Structure of the Washan-Omeishan Region

I. INTRODUCTION Bordering the SW margin of the Red Basin of Szechuan runs a roughly N-S mountain range which includes such mountains as Washan, Omeishan and Talliangshan (Pl. I) and for the sake of convenience is designated with the name of Liangshan Range. Among these mountains only the geology of the Omeishan region is fairly well known in consequence of the works done by many a geologist; of the Washan region, though had been visited by     

核磁共振作为标准孔隙度工具在SanJorge盆地的测井响应与应用

回顾了自１９９５年６月在ＳａｎＪｏｒｇｅ盆地引进核磁共振测井以来的应用情况。至今,Ａｔｌａｓ公司采用Ｎｕｍａｒ珠磁共振成像测井仪,斯伦贝谢公司采用组合磁性共振测井仪共进行了４００次测井,共对２０００多个层位进行了射孔和生产测试。     

香港一富营养河港内的底泥耗氧和营养盐释放

Tolo Harbour has received massive discharges of municipal sewage, agricultural wastes and cottage industrial effluents, via three river systems, in the past two decades before the mid Eighties. The Harbour is almost land locked and poorly flushed. The soft sediment acted as a sink for nutrients and organic pollutants. After a decade of efforts in establishing and enforcing water pollution control legislations and upgrading wastewater treatment facilities, the sediments have turned into sources of nutrients and exert a measurable oxygen demand upon the overlying waters. In vitro measurements showed that the sediments oxygen demand (SOD) was between 17.6 and 54.3 mgo₂ · m^-2 · h^-1. The maximum rates of release of ortho-phosphate phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen were 15.0 and 206.0 mg · m^-2 · h^-1, respectively.     

TopSTO: a 115-line code for topology optimization of structures under stationary stochastic dynamic loading

The use of topology optimization in structural design under dynamic excitation is becoming more prevalent in the literature. While many such applications utilize frequency or time domain formulations, relatively few consider stochastic dynamic excitations. This paper presents an efficient and compact code called Top STO for structural topology optimization considering stationary stochastic dynamic loading using a method derived from random vibration theory. The theory, described in conjunction w...     

综合地震和地质数据获得的坎特伯雷地震序列的震级—频度分布模型

我们综合地质和地震数据获得了坎特伯雷地震序列的震级—频度分布模型。在确定分布曲线时,借机用新的数据解决了文献中的一个长期争议:对于断层或断裂带的地震活动性,究竟是古登堡—里克特关系还是特征地震模型描述得更好。结果表明,对于坎特伯雷地震序列的整个复合断裂带而言,若综合考虑古登堡—里克特曲线(拟合仪器目录数据)误差和格林代尔断层上大(主)震根据古地震推断的复发周期界限,震级—频度分布可用古登堡—里克特关系很好地描述。相反,对于格林代尔断层的较小区域,震级—频度分布用特征地震模型描述得更好。不同的就是尺度,因为坎特伯雷地震序列所代表的复合断裂带表现为古登堡—里克特分布,而该断裂带内的单个断层表现为特征地震分布。因此,地震风险模拟中震级—频度分布的确定必须考虑尺度因素,而不能简单地认为一条震级—频度分布曲线适用于所有断层情形。     

中亚增生造山过程与成矿作用研究进展

中亚造山带作为全球最大的显生宙增生型造山带,是大陆动力学和成矿作用研究的天然实验室.文章简要概述中国新中国成立以来中亚造山带研究发展情况,并对未来研究提出展望. 20世纪50～70年代是中亚造山带研究的奠基时期,各地质研究学派理论相继运用于解释中亚地区的地质演化.改革开放初期,李春昱先生等开创性地运用板块构造理论解析北疆及兴蒙地区大地构造演化,提出了西伯利亚、哈萨克斯坦、中朝-塔里木三大板块俯冲-碰撞的认识,并提出了索伦山至延边缝合线的观点. 20世纪90年代,中亚造山带研究进入快速发展期,前苏联学者提出了多陆块碰撞模型;土耳其学者提出了单一岛弧增生模型,指出中亚造山带是一种特殊类型的碰撞造山带.中国学者对中国北方地区的蛇绿岩、高压变质岩等进行了大量开拓性研究,划分了主要缝合带. 1999年,"中亚成矿域"概念被提出,并与环太平洋成矿域和特提斯成矿域并称全球三大成矿域.进入21世纪,鉴于中亚在大陆增生理论和成矿机制研究领域的重要性,中亚造山带研究成为国际学术前沿.中国在中亚地区布局了一系列科研项目,催生了一大批重要科研成果,包括微陆块属性、蛇绿岩时代和构造背景、岩浆弧性质、增生楔识别和解剖、区域变质-变形作用、俯冲带(超)高压变质作用、洋中脊俯冲、地幔柱与板块相互作用、多岛海构造古地理与复式增生造山时空格架、大陆增生、增生成矿、构造叠加改造等.这些成果产生了重要的国际影响.展望未来,中亚造山带主要有以下几方面的内容需要进一步深入研究:(1)古亚洲洋早期演化历史及起始俯冲机制;(2)古亚洲洋外部造山带(Extroversion)的增生机制;(3)古亚洲洋地幔属性及其时空分布;(4)古亚洲洋与特提斯洋相互作用过程;(5)显生宙大陆增生机制及其全球对比;(6)中亚成矿域增生成矿机制;(7)大陆改造机制.     

Cross-borehole flowmeter tests for transient heads in heterogeneous aquifers

Cross-borehole flowmeter tests have been proposed as an efficient method to investigate preferential flowpaths in heterogeneous aquifers, which is a major task in the characterization of fractured aquifers. Cross-borehole flowmeter tests are based on the idea that changing the pumping conditions in a given aquifer will modify the hydraulic head distribution in large-scale flowpaths, producing measurable changes in the vertical flow profiles in observation boreholes. However, inversion of flow measurements to derive flowpath geometry and connectivity and to characterize their hydraulic properties is still a subject of research. In this study, we propose a framework for cross-borehole flowmeter test interpretation that is based on a two-scale conceptual model: discrete fractures at the borehole scale and zones of interconnected fractures at the aquifer scale. We propose that the two problems may be solved independently. The first inverse problem consists of estimating the hydraulic head variations that drive the transient borehole flow observed in the cross-borehole flowmeter experiments. The second inverse problem is related to estimating the geometry and hydraulic properties of large-scale flowpaths in the region between pumping and observation wells that are compatible with the head variations deduced from the first problem. To solve the borehole-scale problem, we treat the transient flow data as a series of quasi-steady flow conditions and solve for the hydraulic head changes in individual fractures required to produce these data. The consistency of the method is verified using field experiments performed in a fractured-rock aquifer.