Seepage meters and Bernoulli’s revenge

Evaluation of seepage data from a network of 50 permanently deployed submarine seepage meters, specially construc ted from fiberglass, indicates that the devices artificially advect (Bernoulli effect) shallow ground water. Reverse flow into the rock was not observed even when adjacent piezometers installed 2-m to 20-m below the rock-water interface in dicated negative groundwater heads. Quantitative testing of five different designs, including conventional end-of-oildrum designs, indicates that meters presenting positive relief on the sea floor are subject to the Bernoulli effect when placed in areas where there are waves and/or currents. Advection does not appear to be caused by flexing of the collection bags.     

Spatial variations in the Jovian 20-micrometer flux

The 17–28 μm brightness temperature of the center of the disk of Jupiter is 136 ± 4 K. Model calculations yield an effective temperature of 142 ± 4 K at the center of the disk for a helium to hydrogen ratio He/H₂ of 0. This corresponds to an effective temperature of the entire disk of 136 ± 5 K. The NEB, SEB, and STeB are shown to emit an excess flux at 20 μm when compared to the neighboring zones. The hot belts were grey in color at the time of the observations and were the source of excess 5-μm flux as well (Keay et al. 1973). The relationships between 5-μm and 20-μm flux excesses and the cloud structures are discussed.     

The two faces of Iapetus

Combined photometry and radiometry of Iapetus can be used to investigate the nature of its surface and, in particular, the distribution of albedo that is responsible for the large variations in its visible and infrared brightness as it rotates. We present new 20-μm radiometric observations made in 1971–1973 and discuss these together with the photometric studies by Widorn (in 1949), Mills (in 1971), Noland et al. (in 1972–1973), and Franklin and Cook (in 1972–1974). The linear phase coefficient varies as the satellite rotates from 0.028 to 0.068 mag deg^?1. When corrected for this effect, the photometric variations suggest an albedo distribution characterized by a dark area covering most of the leading hemisphere and a bright trailing hemisphere and bright south polar cap. A combined analysis of the photometry and radiometry yields a radius of 800 to 850 km and mean geometric albedos for the light and dark faces of about 0.35 and 0.07, respectively. The average phase integral of the bright hemisphere is between 1.0 and 1.5. We offer no explanation for the unique photometric properties of this satellite.     

Tree-ring growth curves as sources of climatic information

Regional growth curves (RGCs) have been recently used to provide a new basis for removing nonclimatic trend from tree-ring data. Here we propose a different use for RGCs and explore their properties along two transects, one meridional and the other elevational. RGCs consisting of mean ring width plotted against cambial age were developed for larch samples from 34 sites along a meridional transect (55-72°N) in central Siberia, and for 24 sites on an elevational gradient (1120 and 2350 m a.s.l.) in Tuva and neighboring Mongolia at approximately 51°N. There are systematic gradients of the parameters of the RGCs, such as I₀-maximum tree-ring width near pith, and I_min, the asymptotic value of tree-ring width in old trees. They are smaller at higher latitude and elevation. Annual mean temperature and mean May-September temperature are highly correlated with latitude here, and hence RGC parameters are correlated with these climatic variables. Correlations with precipitation are more complex, and contradictory between meridional and elevational transects. The presence of a similar gradient in the elevational transect is consistent with temperature being the causal factor for both gradients, rather than, for example, latitude-dependent patterns of seasonal photoperiod change. Taking ring measurements from collections of relict and subfossil wood, the RGC-latitude and RGC-temperature relationships are used to estimate paleo-temperatures on centennial time scales. These estimates are consistent with earlier “traditional” dendroclimatic approaches, and with independent information on the northern extent of forest growth in the early mid-Holocene. It may be possible to use this same approach to make estimates of century-scale paleo-temperatures in other regions where abundant relict wood is present.     

The neutral carbon distribution in a bipolar outflow/molecular disc source configuration: G35.2−0.74N

Maps are presented of ³ P ₁→³ P ₀[C  i ] and J =2→1 C¹⁸O line emission from the interstellar molecular cloud G35.2−0.74N. The maps are interpreted with reference to a previous model for the structure of the cloud in which opposing jets from a central object, embedded in a rotating interstellar disc, precess and drive a bipolar molecular outflow. The C¹⁸O emission traces the rotating interstellar disc, but the [C  i ] emission shows several features. An unresolved component is observed which probably results from dissociation of CO in the centre of the disc by UV radiation from the central source. Background [C  i ] emission is also observed which shares the rotation of the disc on larger scales. The C  i /CO ratio in these components is typically a few per cent. High-velocity [C  i ] emission, where C  i /CO is high (>0.1–0.4), is observed between the CO molecular outflow and the cavity exacavated by the jet. This material has probably been accelerated by the jet but dissociated by far-UV radiation propagating through the cavity. The C  i /CO ratio falls as the shocked outflow later sweeps up CO.     

Financial engine or glorified back office? Dublin's International Financial Services Centre going global

Summary Considerable geographical analysis has been directed towards understanding the emergence and development of 'world cities' and their role in the coordination of the global economy. In particular, there has been an emphasis on exploring the character and nature of financial services located in these centres. In examining global centres,'other' places are often implicitly constructed as peripheries. Yet these 'peripheries' have been experiencing significant transformations in the nature of their integration into the global economy. In this paper, I chart the rise of Dublin's International Financial Services Centre as an example of a regulated site that has emerged as a niche centre in international corporate and financial transactions.     

ASTM Subcommittee develops standards for ground water and vadose zone investigations

Reports

ASTM Subcommittee develops standards for ground water and vadose zone investigations     

VSOP monitoring of the Quasar 1928+738

We present the results from a campaign to monitor the relatively low redshift (z=0.3) circumpolar superluminal quasar 1928+738 with VSOP during the first Announcement of Opportunity period. The four epochs of data show that there have been substantial structural changes in this source near the core on the time-scale of a few months.     

GPS揭示的贝加尔湖地区现今地壳形变特征

利用贝加尔湖地区GPS监测网测站坐标,根据边长尽量相等的原则,形成了11个Delaunay三角形,计算了各三角形的形状因子,结果表明有9个三角形的形状因子大于0.1。利用3期GPS观测结果,通过对位移速率和应变分量的分析,初步得到以下基本认识贝加尔湖地区目前整体上处于拉张状态,拉张速度约为4.5±1.2mm/a,拉张方向为NW-SE方向;地壳应变是不均匀的,应变分量存在区域上的差异性。东部和西部主张应变均为NW向,但主压应变方向表现不一致,监测网东西两端的应变大于中部地区,最大应变为5.4×10-8,最小应变为-2.6×10-8。贝加尔湖东南部地壳处于压缩状态,压缩方向为NNW向和NNE向;东西部剪切应变比中部大,东西部剪切应变方向基本一致,表现为近南北向;7个三角形的面应变计算结果显示地壳为膨胀状态,2个三角形显示为压缩状态。大地转动结果表明,东北部表现为顺时针的旋转,而西部地区和中部显示为逆时针的旋转。GPS揭示的应变结果与地质和地震学结果基本一致。     

Identifying Optimum Locations for Tropical Testing of United States Army Materiel and Systems

This paper is an example of applied military geography focusing on a particular problem arising from the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977. One of the provisions of the treaty required the United States (US) military to completely withdraw from and relinquish its military and government facilities to the Republic of Panama prior to midnight on 31 December 1999. In so doing, the US army turned over to the Panama government all of its military bases, some of which had been used since World War I to test materiel, equipment and systems within a tropical environment. Given its global mission and responsibilities, the US army has a well‐established practice of testing its materiel, equipment and systems throughout the entire range of potential operating environments. The US experience in the Pacific in World War II and in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War clearly demonstrated the need to test the performance of new equipment under the harsh conditions found in tropical jungles. Furthermore, since 1960, nearly 75 per cent of all international and internal armed conflicts have been in countries that are totally or partially in the tropics. This paper presents the findings of a scientific panel that was organised to propose a new location for testing US army materiel and systems within a tropical environment. Rather than simply choosing a location analogous to Panama, the panel sought to develop a methodology that could be employed for site selection based on any set of environmental criteria. This study is a classical locational analysis and reconfirms the integrative nature of geography and its utility for solving complex problems that cut across disciplinary boundaries.