Comparison Between Stress and Strain Quantities of the Failure–Deformation Process of Fennoscandian Hard Rocks Using Geological Information

The aim of this paper was to compare the stress and strain quantities that are related to the failure–deformation process of hard rock. The data used here was obtained from laboratory uniaxial compression tests performed on different types of Fennoscandian hard rocks. The failure–deformation process quantities were compared at each deformation stage and for each single specimen. Moreover, geological information such as the rock origin process and the rock characteristics of the specimens were studied and linked to the stress and strain quantities. The purpose was to investigate the influence of the rock origin process and rock characteristics on these quantities. The main results of this study showed that the normalized crack damage lateral strain (ε _3cd/ε _3p ) and the volumetric strain (ε _crv?ci and ε _v?cd) quantities were strongly affected by the grain size. The normalized and volumetric quantities are weakly dependent on the mineral composition.     

Ionospheric corrections of MARSIS subsurface sounding signals with filters including collision frequency

Ionospheric corrections of Mars advanced radar for subsurface and ionosphere sounding (MARSIS) subsurface sounding signals are necessary before they can be further analyzed. Usually the ionosphere correction only considers the phase dispersion owing to the electron densities. In this paper we show that if the electron-neutral collision frequency is included in the correction filter, the signal-to-noise ratio of the processed signal can be further maximized and the spatial resolution of the signal be improved. Three different models of the ionosphere profile have been studied, and it is shown that a uniform slab model, of both densities and collisions, is feasible and probably the best choice when implementing the correction filter including collisions. The physical significance of the parameters obtained with the uniform model (equivalent parameters) is discussed, and it is shown that they are useful for the estimation of the real physical parameters of the ionosphere. We developed a recursive, random search algorithm to facilitate the realization of the correction process with the filter including collision frequency.     

Growth of Mytilus edulis in net bags transferred to different localities in a eutrophicated Danish fjord

The growth rate has been measured in Mytilus edulis transferred in net bags to seven localities in the brackish Danish fjord, Limfjorden, in which certain areas are heavily eutrophicated. The increase in shell length, shell weight and flesh body weight was measured after growth periods of 14–18 days. The increase in, e.g., flesh dry weight ranged from twice the start weight to a four-fold increase of the start weight. The net growth efficiencies were estimated to be between 54 and 73%. Algal concentration was in no case the limiting growth factor, but low growth rates were observed in areas with seasonal oxygen depletion and release of toxic H₂S from the sediments. It is suggested that measurements of actual growth in M. edulis can be a useful technique in the study of biological effects in marine recipients.     

Geochemistry and petrology of glaucophane-bearing eclogites and associated rocks from Sunnfjord, Western Norway

Country-rock eclogites and amphibolites in the Sunnfjord area occur as pods, lenses and layers within gneisses of granitic to tonalitic composition. The contacts towards the enclosing gneisses are mostly tectonic, although apparent primary intrusive contacts occur. Geochemical data show that central parts of eclogitic bodies represent fairly undisturbed magmatic compositions, while the margins of such bodies show varying degrees of contamination. Exchange of components with the enclosing gneisses occurred at both a pre-eclogitic and a post-eclogitic stage. Petrographical and petrological data show that the eclogites developed from garnet amphibolites to eclogites during a prograde stage, and that a subsequent uplift/decompression period took place at fairly constant temperatures. The data presented here are compatible with an in situ model for the genesis of Norwegian country-rock eclogites.     

Origin and metamorphism of iron formations and associated rocks,Lofoten-Vesterålen,N. Norway. I. The Vestpolltind Fe-Mn deposit

Geochemical and petrological studies of banded Mn-Fe deposits and associated rocks from Vestpolltind, Lofoten-Vesterålen, show that these rocks may have originated in a marginal sea environment, with intense volcanic and hot spring activity. Mineral analyses have made it possible to calculate the metamorphic conditions during the 1950 m.y. granulite facies metamorphism. Maximum P-T conditions for the regional metamorphism are calculated to 9–11 kb, 770°C, with a local temperature peak of 940±50°C, due to the intrusion nearby of a large mangerite. The stabilities of piemontite and the paragenesis quartz+corundum are discussed. A plate tectonic model for the formation and metamorphism of the rocks is presented.     

中国区域创新能力与经济发展水平的耦合协调分析

采用协整检验和耦合协调模型方法,分析不同尺度区域创新能力与经济发展水平耦合协调状况的时空演化及差异规律。结果表明：① 中国区域创新能力与经济发展水平具有长期稳定而短期跳跃性,区域创新并不必然带来经济发展。② 2005~2014年间,两者动态的耦合协调程度具有尺度敏感性且在地级尺度上偏低,但正逐步改善,区域差异随尺度的缩小而增大。③ 耦合协调高值区在省级层面分布在北京、上海、广东等沿海省份,地级层面分布除沿海城市外,还有内陆省会城市及其周边城市,分布由分散逐渐集聚,宏观上已经形成“沿海-腹地”型大创新-经济合作区。     

Impacts of climate change on commercial fish stocks in Norwegian waters

The Norwegian fishing areas extend over various marine ecosystems that will respond differently to climate change. In the North Sea the productivity of the boreal fish species are likely to decrease under global warming and new warm-water species are expected to become more abundant. In the arctic marine ecosystem of the Barents Sea the fish productivity is expected to increase and their distributions expand northward and eastward under global warming increasing the importance of the Russian as well as the Norwegian sectors of the Barents. In the past, decadal-scale climate variations have been shown to strongly influence productivity and distributions of fish stocks. The importance of such shorter-term variations are expected to continue also under global warming. Under global warming the optimum temperature for fish farming along the Norwegian coast will be displaced northwards from the northern part of West Norway towards the Helgeland coast.     

Individual transferable quotas versus auctioned seasonal quotas: An experimental investigation

Fishery policies have largely developed in response to revealed problems with existing policy instruments. The last major innovation is the introduction of individual transferable quotas, ITQs. Experience thus far is promising. However, if history repeats itself, it is pertinent to start exploring further improvements. Among other things, concerns may be raised about the efficiency of ITQs, financial risks to owners of quotas and fishing vessels, and problems with fairness and collection of resource rent. These issues are studied with a laboratory experiment. Different from previous experiments it allows for trade of both quotas and vessels. In addition, the experiment tests an alternative institutional arrangement, namely auctioned seasonal quotas, ASQs. Neither of the two systems turns out to be as perfect as economic theory predicts. While the two systems are similar in some respects, the ASQ system allows for taxation of resource rent, and surprisingly, it may be the system with the lowest financial risk for fishing firms.     

欠发达农区农户的外部响应能力及其环境影响——基于河南省1251家农户的调查

从农户对工业化、城市化、农业产业化、市场化、全球化、信息化和民主化的响应等7个方面构建农户对外部影响响应能力的指标体系,利用课题组对河南省1251家农户的调查数据,通过主成分分析发现,农户的信息化响应对农户的外部响应能力贡献最大。样本村农户的外部响应能力在村内差异较大,而村间差异较小。模型分析发现,影响农户外部响应能力的因素包括农户自身因素和外部环境因素。其中,农户的非农收入状况是农户外部响应能力的首要影响因素,其影响程度随农户收入的增加而下降;地理环境因素显著影响农户的外部响应能力。村距县城的距离比村距乡镇的距离和村距城市的距离对农户的外部响应能力影响更为显著。地形因子显著影响农户的外部响应能力,并影响其他因素对农户外部响应能力的影响程度;镇域人均电话的影响印证了农户的信息化响应对农户外部响应能力的首要贡献。