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991.
The Indian Ocean Tsunami of December 2004 caused inundation of seawater along the Northern coast of Tamil Nadu, India, resulting
in loss of 8,000 people with extensive damage to properties. The paper describes the inundation of seawater in two northern
districts, namely Kancheepuram and Villupuram districts, which showed distinct patterns of inundation of seawater and run-up
levels due to variations in geomorphic features. TUNAMI N2 model was used to predict the seawater inundation for earthquakes
occurred in 1881 at Car Nicobar, Sumatra 2004 and a worst-case scenario. The coastal areas with beaches having gentle slope
showed more inundation compared with coastal areas having varied slope and habited by sand dunes and coastal vegetation. Appreciable
inundation of seawater with tsunami simulated for 1881 Car Nicobar indicated that proximity to the source plays a major role
besides earthquake parameters in causing inundation. The worst-case scenario generated from subduction zone of Car Nicobar
using Sumatra 2004 earthquake parameters revealed extreme vulnerability of coasts of both the districts to giant tsunamis. 相似文献
992.
Recent glacial retreat in High Asia in China and its impact on water resource in Northwest China 总被引:48,自引:0,他引:48
YAO Tandong WANG Youqing LIU Shiying PU Jianchen SHEN Yongping & LU Anxin .Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China .Cold Arid Regions Environmental Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2004,47(12):1065-1075
There are about 46298 glaciers in the High Asiain China, the total glacial area is about 59406 km , andtotal glacial volume about 5590 km3. These glaciersmainly concentrate around the Himalayas Mountains,Nyainqentanglha Mountains, Kunlun Mountains,Karakoram Mountains and Tianshan Mountains. Theglaciers in the Tibetan Plateau are the major compo-nent of the glaciers in the High Asia in China. Theseglaciers extend north to the arid and desert regions,and become the main water resource in … 相似文献
993.
马衔山北缘断裂为晚第四纪活动的左旋逆走滑断裂,是对兰州市影响最大的控震断裂,自东向西可分为内官营段、马衔山段、七道梁段和雾宿山段4条次级断层段.其中雾宿山段为1125年兰州7级地震的发震断层段,其特征地震平均复发间隔为2 250~3 590年,最晚离逝时间为882年,在未来关注的200年内再次发生强震的可能性较小;马衔山段特征地震平均复发间隔约为3 120年,历史上曾发生过多次中等破坏性地震,其潜在地震危险性值得关注;七道梁段和内官营段未获得古地震复发间隔等参数,但历史上均发生过中等破坏性地震,未来仍存在中等破坏性地震发生的可能,其地震复发间隔可近似地参考马衔山断裂带上相应震级地震的平均值. 相似文献
994.
在对新疆1973年以来年度地震预测情况进行综合研究基础上,重点分析了乌恰-喀什周围地区年度预测的阶段性特点,并对这一地区1900年以来M≥6地震和1972-2008年M≥5.5地震活动特征进行了的研究.认为对该区域地震活动规律性特点认识不足,没有遵循本地区地震活动的基本规律对地震趋势进行客观判断,是造成地震危险区预测效果较差的主要原因.依据地震活跃与间歇的特点认为2008年底开始乌恰-喀什周围地区将进入一个新的活跃时段,这一地区可能仍将继续被划定为年度强地震危险区. 相似文献
995.
由于介观尺度的孔隙流体流动,弹性波传播过孔隙岩层时在地震频段表现出较强的频散和衰减。Johnson理论给出了在任意孔隙形状的条件下,部分气水饱和孔隙介质的理论相速度和品质因子的解析解。本文在Johnson模型的基础上,通过对Q值曲线的低频和高频近似,推导了Q值曲线的近似公式,以及基于孔隙介质基本地球物理参数和孔隙斑块几何形态参数T和比表面积S/V的最大衰减Qmin近似公式。通过与理论值的对比,对Qmin近似公式存在的线性误差进行改正,进一步提高了精度。复杂的斑块形态对最大衰减Qmin和过渡频率ftr的都产生一定影响,且对ftr影响更大。因为数值模拟直接求解介观尺度的Biot孔隙介质方程需要极大的计算量,我们使用Zener模型建立了等效粘弹模型,有效地模拟了地震频带内的衰减和频散现象。 相似文献
996.
Sedimentary beds of jasper (red hematitic chert) in the Ordovician Løkken ophiolite of Norway are closely associated with volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits. The jaspers occur in the immediate hangingwall and laterally peripheral to the large Løkken (25–30 Mt) and small Høydal (0.1 Mt) VMS deposits, and are exposed discontinuously for several kilometres along strike. Massive or laminated types predominate; jasper-sulphide debris-flow deposits are also abundant near VMS deposits. The jaspers contain hematite-rich laminae showing soft-sediment deformation structures and microtextural evidence that record the presence of a colloidal precursor and an origin as gels. Early textures include: (1) straight or curved chains of hematitic filaments 3–10 µm in diameter and 20–100 µm long; (2) branching networks of 15–25 µm-thick, tubular structures surrounded by cryptocrystalline hematite and filled with quartz and euhedral hematite; (3) small (up to 10 µm) spherules composed of cryptocrystalline hematite and silica; and (4) up to 50 µm silica spherules with hematitic cores. The small filaments seem to have been deposited in varying proportions in the primary laminae, possibly together with hematitic and siliceous microspheroids. Diagenetic changes are represented by polygonal syneresis cracks, and the presence of cryptocrystalline (originally opaline) silica, chalcedony, quartz, carbonate and cryptocrystalline hematite and/or goethite forming botryoidal masses and spheroids <10 µm to 5 mm in diameter. Coarser euhedral grains of quartz, carbonate, and hematite are integral parts of these textures. Bleached, silica-rich jaspers preserve only small relics of fine-grained hematite-rich domains, and locally contain sparse pockets composed of coarse euhedral hematite±epidote. The jaspers are interpreted to record colloidal fallout from one or more hydrothermal plumes, followed by maturation (ageing) of an Si-Fe-oxyhydroxide gel, on and beneath the Ordovician sea floor. Small hematitic filaments in the jaspers reflect bacteria-catalysed oxidation of Fe 2+ within the plume. The larger tubular filaments resulted from either microbial activity or inorganic self-organized mineral growth of Fe-oxyhydroxide within the Si-Fe-oxyhydroxide gel after deposition on the sea floor, prior to more advanced maturation of the gel as represented by the spheroidal and botryoidal silica-hematite textures. Bleaching and hematite±epidote growth are interpreted to reflect heat and fluids generated during deposition of basaltic sheet flows on top of the gels. 相似文献
997.
Martin?T.?O’ConnellEmail author Robert?C.?Cashner Christopher?S.?Schieble 《Estuaries and Coasts》2004,27(5):807-817
We assessed fish assemblage stability over the last half century in Lake Pontchartrain, an environmentally degraded oligohaline
estuary in southeastern Louisiana. Because assemblage instability over time has been consistently associated with severe habitat
degradation, we attempted to determine whether fish assemblages in demersal, nearshore, and pelagic habitats exhibited change
that was unrelated to natural fluctuations in environmental variables (e.g., assemblage changes between wet and dry periods).
Collection data from three gear types (trawl, beach seine, and gill nets) and monthly environmental data (salinity, temperature,
and Secchi depth) were compared for four collecting periods: 1954 (dry period), 1978 (wet period), 1996–1998 (wet period),
and 1998–2000 (dry period). Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that although the three environmental variables
were significantly associated with the distribution and abundance patterns of fish assemblages in all habitats (with the exception
of Secchi depth for pelagic samples), most fish assemblage change occurred among sampling periods (i.e., along a temporal
gradient unrelated to changing environmental variables). Assemblage instability was the most pronounced for fishes collected
by trawls from demersal habitats. A marked lack of cyclicity in the trawl data CCA diagram indicated a shift away from a baseline
demersal assemblage of 50 yr ago. Centroid positions for the five most collected species indicated that three benthic fishes,
Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus), spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), and hardhead catfish (Arius felis), were more dominant in past demersal assemblages (1954 and 1978). A different situation was shown for planktivorous species
collected by trawls with bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli) becoming more dominant in recent assemblage and Gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patromus) remaining equally represented in assemblages over time. Changes in fish assemblages from nearshore (beach seine) and pelagic
(gill net) habitats were more closely related to environmental fluctuations, though the CCA for beach seine data also indicated
a decrease in the dominance ofM. undulatus and an increase in the proportion ofA. mitchilli over time. The reduced assemblage role of benthic fishes and the marked assemblage change indicated by trawl data suggest
that over the last half century demersal habitats in Lake Pontchartrain have been impacted more by multiple anthropogenic
stressors than nearshore or pelagic habitats. 相似文献
998.
New material of Strenulagus solaris, a stem lagomorph, from the lower part of the Middle Eocene Irdin Manha Formation at the Irdin Manha and Huheboerhe localities, Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China includes remains of isolated cheek teeth, fragmentary upper incisors(d I2) and postcranial elements, reported from the species for the first time. The tarsal bones display advanced features, such as a wide calcaneofibular articulation surface and, along with an increase in hypsodonty, the new data document the early stage of lagomorph evolution in the Middle Eocene of the Erlian Basin. This finding is stratigraphically well constrained and probably predates that of the type material of S. solaris from the Khaychin Formation, Bugin-Tsav Basin, Mongolia. 相似文献
999.
Shyh-Lung?HwangEmail author Pouyan?Shen Hao-Tsu?Chu Tzen-Fu?Yui Juhn?G.?Liou Nikolay?V.?Sobolev Ru-Yuan?Zhang Vladislav?S.?Shatsky Anton?A.?Zayachkovsky 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2004,148(3):380-389
Kokchetavite, a new polymorph of K-feldspar (KAlSi3O8), has been identified as micrometer-size inclusions in clinopyroxene and garnet in a garnet-pyroxene rock from the Kokchetav ultrahigh-pressure terrane, Kazakhstan. Kokchetavite has a hexagonal structure with a =5.27(1) Å, c=7.82(1) Å, V=188.09 Å3, Z=1, and is found to be associated with phengite + /-cristobalite (or quartz) + siliceous glass ± phlogopite/titanite/calcite/zircon, occurring as multi-phase inclusions in clinopyroxene and garnet. It is concluded that kokchetavite could not be an exsolution phase in host minerals. Instead, it might be metastably precipitated from an infiltrated K-rich melt during rock exhumation. Alternatively, although less likely, kokchetavite might be derived from dehydration of K-cymrite, which, in turn, was formed at high pressures. In either case, kokchetavite is a metastable polymorph of K-feldspar. 相似文献
1000.
GiuseppeCarloMarano 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2005,4(1):95-106
Bridge seismic isolation strategy is based on the reduction of shear forces transmitted from the superstructure to the piers by two means: shifting natural period and earthquake input energy reduction by dissipation concentrated in protection devices. In this paper, a stochastic analysis of a simple isolated bridge model for different bridge and device parameters is conducted to assess the efficiency of this seismic protection strategy. To achieve this aim, a simple nonlinear softening constitutive law is adopted to model a wide range of isolation devices, characterized by only three essential mechanical parameters. As a consequence of the random nature of seismic motion, a probabilistic analysis is carried out and the time modulated Kanai-Tajimi stochastic process is adopted to represent the seismic action. The response covariance in the state space is obtained by solving the Lyapunov equation for a stochastic linearized system. After a sensitivity analysis, the failure probability referred to extreme displacement and the mean value of dissipated energy are assessed by using the introduced stochastic indices of seismic bridge protection efficiency. A parametric analysis for protective devices with different mechanical parameters is developed for a proper selection of parameters of isolation devices under different situations. 相似文献