Geochemical comparison of the subvolcanic appinite suite of the British Caledonides and the durbachite suite of the Central European Hercynides: evidence for associated shoshonitic and Granitic Magmatism

Summary Subvolcanic pyroxenite-hornblendite-kentallenite-diorite-granodiorite masses of the appinite suite that are spatially and temporally associated with the much more voluminous granitic plutons of the British Caledonides have major element proportions and REE patterns indicative of shoshonitic affinities. Hornblendite-monzonite-syenogabbro-pyroxene melasyenite-durbachite-biotite-rich syenite-biotite-rich granite masses of the plutonic durbachite suite of the Bohemian Massif of the Central European Hercynides, that also are spatially and temporally associated with much more voluminous granitic plutons, have geochemical characteristics that generally correspond with those of the appinite suite. Compositionally both suites resemble lamprophyres emplaced during the latter parts of the respective episodes.Both the appinite and durbachite suites show independence of K/Rb and SiO₂ with the two suites having mainly different but somewhat overlapping K/Rb ratios. Other geochemical characters, as shown by fields and trends on K vs Rb, AFM and other plots, point to the durbachite suite representing generally more evolved products of shoshonitic magma than members of the appinite suite. However, there are different geochemical characteristics, including higher Cr/Ni ratios in the durbachite suite and Co present in lower proportions in the appinite suite. These differences are the result of different histories of freezing, remelting and partial separation and remixing of fractionation products and reflect the explosive subvolcanic vs plutonic regimes of the appinitic and durbachitic suites, respectively. Support for this petrogenesis is provided by mineral compositions and comparison of compositions of mineral phases and the rocks in which they occur.

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Ein geochemischer Vergleich der subvulkanischen Appinite der Britischen Kaledoniden und der Durbachite der Mitteleuropäischen Herzyniden: Hinweise für assoziierten shoshonitischen und granitischen Magmatismus

Zusammenfassung Subvulkanische Pyroxenit-Hornblendit-Kentallenit-Diorit-Granodioritmassen der Appinit-Gruppe, die räumlich und zeitlich mit den viel umfangreicheren Granitplutonen der Britischen Kaledoniden assoziiert sind, haben Hauptelementverteilungen und SEE Gehalte, die auf Beziehungen zu Shoshoniten hinweisen. Hornblendit-Monzonit-Syenogabbro-Pyroxen-Melasyenit-Durbachit-Biotit-reiche Syenite-Biotit-reiche Granitmassen der plutonischen Durbachitabfolge des Böhmischen Massivs der Mitteleuropäischen Herzyniden, die auch räumlich und zeitlich mit viel umfangreicheren Granitplutonen assoziiert sind, haben geochemische Charakteristika, die im allgemeinen mit denen der Appinit-Gruppe übereinstimmen. Beide Gruppen sind in ihrer Zusammensetzung Lamprophyren ähnlich, die in späteren Abschnitten der magmatischen Episoden Platz genommen haben.Sowohl in den Appinit-, wie in den Durchbachit-Abfolgen sind K/Rb und SiO₂ voneinander unabhängig, beide Gruppen haben aber verschiedene, wenn auch zum Teil einander überlappende K/Rb Verhältnisse. Andere geochemische Parameter, wie K vs Rb, AFM und andere, weisen darauf hin, daß die Durbachit-Abfolge im allgemeinen weiter entwickelte Produkte shoshonitischen Magmas darstellt, als die Mitglieder der Appinit-Gruppe. Es gibt jedoch verschiedene geochemische Charakteristika, wozu auch höhere Cr/Ni Verhältnisse in den Durbachiten und niedrige CoGehalte in den Appiniten gehren. Diese Unterschiede sind das Ergebnis verschiedener Abkhlung, Aufschmelzung und teilweiser Trennung- und Wiedermischung von Fraktionierungs-Produkten und weisen auf die explosiven subvulkanischen bzw. plutonischen Regimes der beiden Gruppen hin. Diese petrogenetische Interpretation wird durch Mineralzusammensetzungen und deren Vergleich mit den Muttergesteinen unterstützt.

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With 6 Figures     

Study of clusters of galaxies by correlation analysis

We present preliminary results of the application to real data of a new method for studying the structure of groups and clusters of galaxies. The new method is able to produce reliable results for structures with a small number of galaxies. The 6 clusters whose number density and velocity dispersion profiles are determined, could have hardly been studied with classical methods. These new results are particularly significant, especially in what concerns the velocity dispersion profile, since little is known so far on its characteristics.Paper presented at the 11th European Regional Astronomical Meetings of the IAU on New Windows to the Universe, held 3–8 July, 1989, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.     

Development of a geotechnical and geophysical database for seismic zonation of the Ankara Basin,Turkey

Engineering geological and geotechnical site characteristics were assessed and seismic hazard studies performed for the Upper Pliocene to Pleistocene fluvial and Quaternary alluvial and terrace deposits for a site west of Ankara, Turkey. Sediment conditions were determined and a soil profile was characterized by surface geophysical methods. These studies were integrated with existing in-situ characterization studies to create a seismic and geotechnical database for the site. A seismic zonation map of the site was then prepared. Site classification systems were assigned to account for site effects in relation to seismic hazard assessments. The consequences of the seismic hazards were investigated and recommendations were presented.     

Identifying drivers for fishing pressure. A multidisciplinary study of trawl and sea snail fisheries in Samsun,Black Sea coast of Turkey

This study aims to investigate and model driving forces that lead to increased fishing pressure and an altered state of the environment in the coastal areas near Samsun on the Turkish Black Sea coast. We have applied a modified DPSIR model to structure our investigation and analysis and have investigated the drivers that generate fishing pressure in the Samsun fisheries. The overall health of the ecosystem is declining, and there is a consistent trend of deterioration in the condition of the three major species targeted by the trawl fisheries. Although introduced invasive species have brought significant changes to the Black Sea, it is clear that the state of the environment is significantly and negatively affected by the pressure exerted by fisheries. Fishing pressure has to a certain extent been redirected to pelagic trawling as bottom trawling has become less profitable and a rise in catch capacity has levelled off. This reduction is, however, offset by an increase in illegal trawling and dredging by a very rapidly growing sector of multi-purpose small boats, resulting in a considerable increase in the overall accumulated engine power of fishing boats in Samsun during 2000–2005. Fisheries in Samsun, in particular sea snail fisheries, have constituted a frontier of sorts open to the poorer populations of Samsun during the last 20 years, and, thereby, constitute one of the major drivers for fishing pressure. We identify eight drivers of importance for the period 2000–2005. Although the authorities can impact all or most of those drivers, most of them are beyond the scope of conventional ‘fisheries management’.     

蒙古中部地区植被覆盖衰退问题案例研究（英文）

本文选择蒙古中部地区的两个模型多边形对植被多样性进行调查研究。它们都位于干旱、半干旱少雨地区。基于Landsat TM影像,本文研究了多边形区域的NDVI随时间变化的多时相NDVI值制图,得到所选择的具备不同值NDVI区域的全尺度景观特征。这一特征在对耐旱环境组的植被分析中得到了证实。该过程中将近整个实验多边形区域的植被偏离得到了追踪。NDVI的时间分布分析呈现出数值的降低,这说明了在戈壁,稀疏植被存在耐旱趋势。在半干旱气候区域中偏离植被趋势与牧草地的重载负直接相关。     

Increased zooplankton PAH concentrations across hydrographic fronts in the East China Sea

The Changjiang has transported large quantities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to the East China Sea (ECS), but information of these pollutants in zooplankton is limited. To understand PAHs pollution in zooplankton in the ECS, total concentrations of PAHs in zooplankton from surface waters were measured. Values of PAHs ranged from 2 to 3500 ng m⁻³ in the ECS, with highest PAHs levels located at the salinity front between the Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW) and the mid-shelf waters. In contrast, concentrations of zooplankton PAHs in the mid-shelf and outer-shelf waters were significantly lower (2–23 ng m⁻³) than those in the CDW. These results demonstrate that PAHs are conspicuously accumulated in zooplankton at the salinity front between the CDW and the mid-shelf waters. These higher levels of PAHs in zooplankton at the salinity front may be further biomagnified in marine organisms of higher trophic levels through their feeding activities.     

Validation of a simplified micromodel for analysis of infilled RC frames exposed to cyclic lateral loads

An RC frame structure with masonry infill walls (“framed-masonry”) exposed to lateral loads acts as a composite structure. Numerical simulation of framed-masonry is difficult and generally unreliable due to many difficulties and uncertainties in its modelling. In this paper, we reviewed the usability of an advanced non-linear FEM computer program to accurately predict the behaviour of framed-masonry elements when exposed to cyclic lateral loading. Numerical results are validated against the test results of framed-masonry specimens, with and without openings. Initial simplified micromodels were calibrated by adjustment of the input parameters within the physically justifiable borders, in order to obtain the best correlation between the experimental and numerical results. It has been shown that the use of simplified micromodels for the investigation of composite masonry-infilled RC frames requires in-depth knowledge and engineering judgement in order to be used with confidence. Modelling problems were identified and explained in detail, which in turn offer an insight to practising engineers on how to deal with them.     

Factors controlling groundwater chemistry in an agricultural area with complex topographic and land use patterns in mid‐western South Korea

Shallow and bedrock groundwater from granitic aquifers were investigated for the hydrogeochemistry of major and minor constituents in an agricultural area. Nitrate concentrations were observed up to 49 mg/l as NO₃‐N, with 22% of samples exceeding the drinking water standard, which could pose a significant threat because most residents rely on groundwater as their drinking water source. Principal component analysis revealed three principal components (PCs): (1) nitrate contamination, contributed by major cations, Cl^?, SO and NO , (2) reduction processes positively involving Fe, Mn and B, and negatively involving dissolved oxygen and NO and (3) natural mineralization, involving HCO and F^?. Cluster analysis, performed on the PC scores, resulted in seven sample groups, which were successfully identified by total depth, elevation and land use. The nitrate‐contaminated groups had mixed land uses, with locally concentrated residential areas. Uncontaminated groundwater groups were found in the natural environment, including high‐altitude spring water and bedrock groundwater with a higher degree of natural mineralization. Shallow groundwater groups in paddy fields in lowlands were affected by reducing environments, of which one group was characterized by high Fe, Mn and B, and negligible nitrate. Groundwater with intermediate nitrate and lower Cl^? and SO was found primarily in hilly terrains with orchards and vegetable gardens, indicating lower contaminant loadings than lowland areas. Higher concentrations of F^? and nitrate were observed in the nitrate‐contaminated water, which seemed unlikely to be explained by groundwater mixing. The strong acidity generated from nitrification may infiltrate deeper into the aquifer, induce accelerated weathering of bedrock and result in the coexistence of F^? and nitrate, which may be an evidence of intense nitrate loading, leading to soil acidification. Multivariate statistical analysis successfully delineated hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater attained by natural and anthropogenic processes in an agriculturally stressed area with complex topographic land use patterns. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Neotectonics and seismicity of Erzurum pull-apart basin,East Turkey

The study area is the Erzurum pull-apart basin located in the East Anatolian Tectonic Block (EATB), which is under the control of a strike-slip neotectonic regime since the beginning of Quaternary. The Quaternary Erzurum pull-apart basin is an about 1-30 km wide, 90 km long and actively growing strike-slip depression. It is bounded by the Erzurum-Dumlu sinistral strike-slip fault zone to the east-southeast, by the Askale sinistral strike-slip fault zone to the north-northwest, and by the Baskoy-Kandilli reverse fault zone and the N-S-trending Ilica oblique-slip normal fault set to the west. The Erzurum pull-apart basin was evolved by the deformation and subdivision of an E-W-trending older intermontane basin. The new basin has a 0.5 km thick, flat-lying (undeformed) and uconsolidated fill, which overlies, with an angular unconformitry, the deformed (folded and faulted) basement rocks of pre-Quaternary age. Basin fill consists of coarser-grained marginal facies (fault terrace, fan, fan-apron and superimposed fan deposits) and finer-grained depocentral facies represented by flood plain to organic material-rich marsh deposits. All gradations are seen among these lithofacies.The seismicity of the Erzurum pull-apart basin is quite high. The magnitude of the peak earthquake to be sourced from the active faults (e.g., the Erzurum fault) is about Mw = 7.0. This was proved by both the historical and recent earthquakes. Numerous settlements in the size of a large city (e.g., Erzurum), county, town and small villages with a total population of over 766,000 are located in and along the active fault-bounded margins of the Erzurum pull-apart basin. They are under the threat of destructive earthquakes to be sourced from the margin-boundary faults. Therefore, based on both the active fault parameters and the water-saturated basin fill, a large-scale earthquake hazard map has to be prepared. This map has to be used in both the earthquake hazard to risk analyses and the redesign of city planning and all type of constructions in Erzurum and other settlements in this region.     

Seasonal and spatial changes in water and sediment quality variables in Bafa Lake

The brackish Bafa Lake located in the southwestern part of Turkey is under stress because of both natural and untreated wastewater effluents. The purpose of this research is to determine spatiotemporal distributions of some physicochemical variables in water column (temperature, salinity, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, NH₄–N, NO₂–N, NO₃–N, oPO₄–P, TPO₄–P, chlorophyll-a, total suspended solids) and sediment (TN, TC, TOC, TP) and their relationships at coastal stations. In the water column, nitrate and phosphate concentrations showed seasonal variations with high values recorded in winter period. Ammonium was determined as a main source of TIN component. During summer period, a large amount of total phosphorus was found as dissolved organic form. However, in the winter period, inorganic phosphate levels increased at sampling stations. N limitation was a common feature throughout the lake where P-limitation was only observed in summer period. The total phosphorus levels which showed hypereutrophic condition at the western part of the lake changed between 1.55 and 4.99 μM and did not remain in the range for uncontaminated condition. In the lake sediment, a strong relationship was found between TOC and TC levels. Generally, the mean TOC concentrations constitute small amount of TC values in the sampling stations. The results also indicated that a strong correlation exists between TOC and TN values, and TN was greatly regulated by organic sources. In the lake, TOC:TN ratios changed between 5 and 13; the ratio greater than 10 could be an indicator of algal and land plant sources mixing as an organic matter.