Mikrosondenuntersuchungen von Saussuriten in Abhängigkeit vom Metamorphosegrad und vom geochemischen Milieu

Zusammenfassung In einem Profil ansteigender Metamorphose werden im Stavanger-Gebiet/SW-Norwegen zwei Gesteinstypen, repräsentiert durch 17 Meta-Arkosen und Quarz-Feldspat-Gneise, sowie 19 metamorphe Tuffe und Tuffite, modellhaft auf ihre Saussuritparagenesen hin analysiert.Mikroskopische und mikroanalytische Untersuchungen zeigen eine weitestgehende Eduktabhängigkeit der Saussuritparagenesen. In calcitarmen granitoiden Edukten bilden sich schon im sehr schwach-metamorphen Stadium folgende mit Ab-reichem Plagioklas koexistierende Saussuritmineralien: 4 An-reicher Plagioklas+K-Feldspat+4 Eisenhydroxid + H₂O 2 Fe(III)Al₂-Epidot+Muskovit+Hämatit+2 Quarz. In calcitführenden Meta-Arkosen gewinnt die Mineralreaktion: An-Plagioklas+K-Feldspat+2 Eisenhydroxid+CO₂Calcit+Muskovit+ Hämatit+Quarz an Bedeutung. Im reduzierenden geochemischen Milieu der Meta-Tuffe und -Tuffite tritt in diesem metamorphen Bereich als charakteristische Neubildung Biotit neben Muskovit auf. Auch in den calcitreichen tuffitischen Proben koexistieren die Saussuritkomponenten Calcit, Muskovit, Hämatit, Quarz und Biotit.Die mikroanalytisch untersuchten Saussuritmineralien Plagioklas und Epidot zeigen anhand von annähernd 800 chemischen Vollanalysen in der Entwicklung ihrer Chemismen während der Metamorphose für beide Sedimente gleiche Trends. Im niedrigtemperierten Bildungsstadium der Saussurite können die An-Gehalte der Feldspäte in Abhängigkeit vom Edukt und aufgrund unterschiedlich intensiver Rekristallisation der Sedimente relativ stark schwanken. Die Epidote sind je nach primärem Fe(III)-Angebot mehr oder weniger eisenreich. In Richtung ansteigender Metamorphose stellen sich in den Epidoten beim Übergang zu oligoklasführenden Paragenesen maximale Fe(III)-Gehalte ein, die in Form eines rhythmischen Zonarbaus die wechselnden -Bedingungen im Verlauf der Metamorphose widerspiegeln. Bereits hier setzt der retrograde Saussuritisierungsprozeß ein: es reagieren Fe(III)Al₂-Epidot, Muskovit, Quarz, Hämatit und Albit/Oligoklas zu anorthitreicherem Plagioklas, Biotit und Wasser. Zusätzlich bildet sich durch die Zersetzung des Al-reichen Epidots Mikroklin.Die Untersuchung zur Wechselbeziehung zwischen dem Eisengehalt des Eduktes und dem der Epidote ergibt, daß die Fe(III)-Einbaurate der Epidote in keiner Weise von den Fe(III)-Konzentrationen der Meta-Sedimente beeinflußt wird, vielmehr können eduktspezifische Intervalle für die Eisenanreicherung der Epidote nachgewiesen werden.

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Electron microprobe investigations of saussurites dependent on metamorphic stage and geochemical environment

In a profile of ascending metamorphism, the saussuritic parageneses of two characteristic rock types, 17 acid meta-arkoses and 19 basic meta-tuffs and meta-tuffites, were investigated by microscopical and microanalytical methods.Microscopic studies reveal that the specific saussurite mineral association is dependent on the petrographic substratum. In very low stage metamorphism, granitic rocks show the following saussurite minerals coexisting with albite-rich plagioclase: 4 An-rich plagioclase+K-feldspar +4 ironhydroxide+H₂O2 Fe (III) Al₂-epidote + muscovite + hematite + 2 quartz. Phyllitic and calciferous meta-arkoses exhibit predominantly the following saussurite reaction: An-plagioclase + K-feldspar + 2 ironhydroxide + CO₂ calcite + muscovite + hematite + quartz. In the reducing environment of the meta-tuffs and meta-tuffites, biotite is formed in addition to muscovite.The changing chemical composition of the saussurite minerals (plagioclase and epidote) at different stages of metamorphism was determined by 800 quantitative electron microprobe analyses. The changes found in both rock types are nearly the same. During low metamorphic stage, the An-content of the plagioclases depends on the substratum and the variable intensity of recrystallization. The Fe-content of the epidotes is dependent on the amount of iron available.The epidotes are enriched in Fe toward the transition to oligoclase-bearing parageneses. These Fe-contents cause rhythmical zoning, representing varying conditions during metamorphism. With increasing metamorphic grade the retrograde process of saussuritization is initiated. The reactants are Fe (III) Al₂-epidote, muscovite, quartz, hematite, and albite/ oligoclase. The decomposition of these minerals leads to An-rich plagioclase, biotite, microcline, and H₂O.

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Herrn Prof. Dr. G. Müller, Clausthal, danke ich für viele anregende Diskussionen sowie für die kritische Durchsicht des Manuskriptes.

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Mein Dank gilt auch Herrn Dr. A. Schneider, Geochemisches Institut der Universität Göttingen, der mir freundlicherweise das Rucklidge-Korrekturprogramm für Silikatanalysen zur Verfügung stellte. Zu danken habe ich auch Herrn Dr. F. Wurm, Geologisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg, für sein großzügiges Entgegenkommen und die tatkräftige Unterstützung bei der ergänzenden Probennahme im Gebiet der nordwestlichen Inseln des Boknfjords.

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Der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft schulde ich Dank für die finanzielle Unterstützung dieser Arbeit.     

天然气中氮的地球化学特征

本文研究了天然气中氮的地球化学特征，并讨论了氮的成因。     

A cost–benefit analysis of mitigation options for optimal management of risks posed by flow-like phenomena

We analyzed the fractal and multifractal properties of the earthquake time series occurred around the Enguri dam in West Georgia by applying the methods of detrended fluctuation analysis and multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis. We examined the interevent time series in two periods: (1) 1960–1980, in which the investigated area was characterized by the natural seismicity; and (2) 1981–2012, in which the quasi-periodic change of the reservoir water level affected the earthquake generation. Our findings show that the water level variation may influence the fractal properties of earthquake temporal distribution in the local area around the Enguri dam. In particular, it is observed that the time distribution features of seismicity occurred in the second period are more persistent than the natural seismicity occurred in the first period. Furthermore, the seismic process of the second period shows a lower multifractal degree than that of the first period, indicating that the influence of quasi-periodic fluctuation of water level features the seismicity as more regular compared to the natural seismicity.     

The massive black hole at the galactic center

At the dynamic center of the Milky Way high spatial resolution, near-infrared imaging and spectroscopy have made it possible in the last few years to measure stellar velocities down to separations of less than five light days from the compact radio source SgrA* (in the constellation Sagittarius). These measurements make a compelling case for the presence of a compact, central dark mass of 2.6 × 10⁶ solar masses. Simple physical considerations show that this dark mass cannot consist of a stable cluster of stars, stellar remnants, substellar condensations or a degenerate gas of elementary particles. Energy equipartition requires that at least 105 solar masses must be associated with SgrA* itself and is enclosed within less than 8 light minutes (equivalent to 15 Schwarzschild radii of a million solar mass black hole). If one accepts these arguments it is hard to escape the conclusions that there must be a massive black hole at the core of the Milky Way.     

Continuous gas monitoring in the West Bohemian earthquake area,Czech Republic: First results

Two stations monitoring concentrations of carbon dioxide and radon in soil gas (Oldřišská and Novy Kostel) and one station monitoring flow of carbon dioxide at a mofette (Soos) have been operated in the area of the West Bohemian earthquake swarms. We present preliminary results obtained on the base of four-year observations. We found that data are not influenced considerably by barometric pressure. Although the CO₂ concentration varies greatly, the long-term trends at stations Oldřišská and Novy Kostel are similar, which indicates that the CO₂ flow is controlled by common geogenic processes. Also temporal trends of CO₂ and Rn concentrations in soil gas at individual stations are analogous. We found diurnal variations of both CO₂ concentration in soil gas and the CO₂ flow at mofettes due to the earth tides. A response to tides of semi-diurnal period is insignificant in CO₂ concentration and only weak in the CO₂ flow. We also examined possible pre-seismic, co-seismic and post-seismic effects of the intensive 2008 earthquake swarm on the CO₂ concentration at Oldřišská and Novy Kostel, and on the CO₂ flow at Soos. However, all potential indications were insignificant and there has not been proven any influence of the swarm on the CO₂ concentration as well as on the CO₂ flow. Nevertheless, a gradual decrease of amplitudes of diurnal variations before the swarm and the lowest amplitudes during the swarm is a noteworthy phenomenon, which might indicate the strain changes of the rock associated with earthquake swarm.