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851.
852.
M. Arockiasamy H. El-Tahan A.S.J. Swamidas W.E. Russell D.V. Reddy 《Ocean Engineering》1984,11(5):463-490
The paper presents an analytical and experimental study on the transient response of semisubmersibles to bergybit impact and the strength of bergybit ice to high strain-rate loadings. Two approaches have been proposed for the solution of the semisubmersible-bergybit interaction problem, one using the energy approach and the other using the conventional structural dynamics approach with initial velocity conditions. In addition the local behaviour of the impacted regions have been analysed for deformation and failure. Numerical results have been given for local behaviour of an impacted column and global behaviour of semisubmersible-bergybit system. Experimental study has been reported on the impact strength of iceberg ice at strain rates of 10−3, 10−2 and 10−1; the indentation impact strength of ice is found to be 3–4 times the unaixial compressive strength, at the same strain rate. 相似文献
853.
Highly sensitive microstructural probes subjected to noise disturbances are free of these in laboratory tests. This leads necessarily to the working out of methods for complex testsin situ. The paper reports on the successful use for this purpose of a grate (net) suspended from a free-falling probe. The grate sets up turbulence with reproducible structure in the area of sensor location.UDK 551.46.085 相似文献
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Simon J. Walker Thomas A. Schlacher & Monika A. Schlacher-Hoenlinger 《Marine Ecology》2007,28(4):435-445
Artificial reefs are spatially complex habitats and serve as good model systems to study patterns of community succession and the response of epibiota to environmental clines over small spatial scales. Here, we quantified spatial heterogeneity in community composition and diversity of fouling communities across a number of environmental gradients that included water depth, surface orientation of habitats, exposure to currents, and shelter. Assemblage structure was quantified by spatially replicated photo transects on a recently scuttled large navy ship off the East Australian coast, lying in 27 m of water. A rich assemblage of epifauna had colonized the wreck within a year, dominated by barnacles, sponges and bryozoans. Community structure varied significantly over small spatial scales of meters to tens of meters. Depth, surface orientation and exposure were the major environmental drivers. Assemblages were substantially less diverse and abundant on the deepest (23 m near the seafloor) part of the hull with residual antifouling paint, on sheltered surfaces inside the wreck, and on the sediment‐laden horizontal surfaces. Overall, the wrecks’ habitat complexity corresponds with small‐scale heterogeneity in the fouling communities. This study supports the notion that wrecks enhance local diversity and biomass within the habitat mosaic of their location, and habitat complexity may be an important mechanism for this, as demonstrated by the large spatial variability in the assemblages documented here. 相似文献
858.
Effect of native and invasive cordgrass on Macoma petalum density, growth, and isotopic signatures 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ecosystem engineers can influence community and ecosystem dynamics by controlling resources, modifying the flow of energy or biomass, or changing physical characteristics of the habitat. Invasive hybrid cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora × Spartina foliosa) is an ecosystem engineer in salt marshes in San Francisco Bay, California, U.S.A. that raises intertidal elevations and may be either increasing C4 plant carbon input into food webs or tying up carbon in a form that is not usable by consumers. A manipulative experiment compared abundance, growth, and stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) composition of the clam Macoma petalum (=M. balthica) among native marsh, hybrid Spartina, and mudflats in central San Francisco Bay. We found higher densities (individuals m−2) of M. petalum on mudflats compared to either native or hybrid Spartina (p < 0.001). Macoma petalum shell growth was significantly greater in mudflats than in either vegetation type in 2002 (p = 0.005) but not 2003. Differences in shell growth between native and hybrid Spartina were not significant. Stable isotope results showed differences between habitats in δ13C but not δ15N. Carbon signatures of M. petalum placed in Spartina were much more depleted than the isotopic signature of Spartina. Neither native nor hybrid Spartina appears to be a significant carbon source for M. petalum in San Francisco Bay, and we found no evidence that hybrid Spartina contributes carbon to M. petalum beyond what is provided by S. foliosa, despite the hybrid's much greater biomass. Our results show that loss of mudflat habitat, rather than increased input of C4 carbon, is the greatest effect of the invasion of hybrid Spartina on M. petalum. 相似文献
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A pop-up bottom seismic recorder designed for seismic refraction experiments was built by the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences in 1968. The device is housed within a 71 cm diameter sphere weighing 270 kg when launched. signals picked up by a hydrophone are recorded in analogue form on magnetic tape in the band 2–100 Hz. The total continuous recording period is 12 hr but the lifetime of the system can be effectively extended by cycling the tape-recorders to allow shooting to go on for up to 3 days. Ballast release is by acoustic command or by pre-set clock. The instruments have been used in water depths from 150 to 4820 m making a total of 63 deployments with a 95% recovery rate. A new version with three-component geophones is being built. 相似文献