A nonlinear wave profile correction of the diffraction of a wave by a long breakwater: Fixed point approach

The authors of the present paper have suggested an iterative scheme to calculate the nonlinear wave profiles [Jang and Kwon, 2005. Application of nonlinear iteration scheme to the nonlinear water wave problem: Stokes wave. Ocean Engineering 32, 1862–1872]. The scheme was shown to be good for estimating nonlinear wave profiles. In the study, the iterative scheme is applied to the wave-diffraction problem by a long breakwater to calculate a diffracted wave by the breakwater. The iterative solution of diffraction was compared with the linear solution of Sommerfeld, 1896. [Mathematische Theoried der Diffraction. Mathematical Annals 47, 317–374]. For a small wave slope, the two solutions were in good agreement. However, the scheme enabled us to observe the nonlinear behaviors of a beating phenomenon and of wave profile such as Stokes’ wave for a relatively large wave slope: as the wave slope becomes larger, we can examine the nonlinear wave characteristics of the actual shapes of waves, i.e., the crests are steeper and the troughs are flatter.     

Hydrologic impact of regional climate change for the snowfed and glacierfed river basins in the Republic of Tajikistan: hydrological response of flow to climate change

The warming of the Earth's atmosphere system is likely to change temperature and precipitation, which may affect the climate, hydrology and water resources at the river basins over the world. The importance of temperature change becomes even greater in snow or glacier dominated basins where it controls the snowmelt processes during the late‐winter, spring and summer months. In this study hydrologic responses of streamflow in the Pyanj and Vaksh River basins to climate change are analysed with a watershed hydrology model, based on the downscaled atmospheric data as input, in order to assess the regional climate change impact for the snowfed and glacierfed river basins in the Republic of Tajikistan. As a result of this analysis, it was found that the annual mean river discharge is increasing in the future at snow and glacier dominated areas due to the air temperature increase and the consequent increase in snow/ice melt rates until about 2060. Then the annual mean flow discharge starts to decrease from about 2080 onward because the small glaciers start to disappear in the glacier areas. It was also found that there is a gradual change in the hydrologic flow regime throughout a year, with the high flows occuring earlier in the hydrologic year, due to the warmer climate in the future. Furthermore, significant increases in annual maximum daily flows, including the 100‐year return period flows, at the Pyanj and Vaksh River basins toward the end of the 21st century can be inferred from flood frequency analysis results. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

市级区域自动站信息处理系统的开发和应用

介绍了钦州市区域自动站信息处理系统的体系结构、主要功能、特点以及实施意义。通过建立区域自动站信息资料处理系统,对各市局乃至各区域站的历史资料进行剥离,实现各区域站历史资料的独立存档、统计,便于对区域气象站历史资料进行开发和应用。     

Characterization of groundwater quality in Kinmen Island using multivariate analysis and geochemical modelling

Kinmen is located in the south‐west of Mainland China and mainly has two islands, Large Kinmen and Leiyu. Residents in Kinmen have drunk groundwater over several decades. This work characterized the quality of groundwater in Kinmen using factor analysis (FA), cluster analysis (CA) and geochemical simulation. The factor scores were plotted spatially to illustrate the groundwater quality and were used to discuss the grouped relationship using CA. Salinization, redox and organic matter factors are identified from 17 hydrochemical measurements in 18 wells. Acidic and oxidizing groundwater with nitrate‐N pollution is distributed mainly in the west of Large Kinmen. Saline groundwater is distributed to the north‐east of Large Kinmen and in the south of Leiyu. Groundwater with organic matter is present throughout Leiyu. Five groups of the groundwater quality divided by CA can be interpreted according to one to three factors. The grouped characteristics of the groundwater quality help the local government and industries to plan the use and protection of groundwater resources. Furthermore, a geochemical simulation was used to demonstrate the formation processes of the acidic and oxidizing groundwater properties in granitic sediments. A large amount of the precipitation of the kaolinite and magnetite releases concentrations of hydrogen ion and raises the redox potential in the aquifers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Major and trace element composition of Skaergaard plagioclase; geochemical evidence for changes in magma dynamics during the final stage of crystallization of the Skaergaard intrusion

Plagioclase separates from the Layered Series (LS), Upper Border Series (UBS), and Marginal Border Series (MBS) of the Skaergaard intrusion were analyzed to examine major and trace element variations. In general, plagioclase from the LS, UBS, and MBS show similar trends in major elements vs. crystallization: SiO₂, Na₂O, and K₂O progressively increase, and CaO and MgO progressively decrease with fractionation. No abrupt changes in the trends of major components of Skaergaard plagioclase during the differentiation of the intrusion are observed. Trace elements in plagioclase reflect changes in the Skaergaard magma and changes in plagioclase distribution coefficients with differentiation. Sr, Ga, and probably Ba are included elements in Skaergaard plagioclase, but were excluded from the other cumulus phases, and as a result systematically increased in the magma and plagioclase during differentiation. Be, Cs, Hf, Rb, Ta, U, and Zr, and the transition metals Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Sc, V, and Zn were excluded elements in Skaergaard plagioclase, and remained low in plagioclase during differentiation. Changes in the abundances of these elements in plagioclase during differentiation reflect changes in their abundance in the magma. With the exception of the lower zone, which is enriched in the light rare earth elements, rare earth elements in LS plagioclase, in general, increase with differentiation of the Skaergaard intrusion, but decrease dramatically at the UZa/UZb boundary where abundant apatite first appears. Rare earth elements in UBS plagioclase followed a similar trend to LS plagioclase, except during the initial and final stages of differentiation. UBS plagioclase is much more enriched in rare earth elements during the final 20% of crystallization, except for Eu, which is similar in plagioclase from the two series. The observed trends suggest that the floor and roof sequences became isolated from each other and that the floor sequence may have been more reducing and the roof sequence more oxidizing during the final 20% of crystallization. As the Skaergaard magma ceased convection, or convected as isolated cells, during the final stages of differentiation, volatile elements may have accumulated in the UBS magma, resulting in an increase in ƒO₂, and a decrease in Eu/Sm in UBS plagioclase. The observed trends of rare earth elements in plagioclase from the LS and UBS fit well with theoretical calculations that assume closed-system crystallization, and would be difficult to reconcile with any model requiring significant discharge of magma from the chamber during the final 20% of crystallization. The enrichment of light rare earth elements in plagioclase, suggests that the lower part of the intrusion re-equilibrated with a late, light rare earth element-rich fluid or melt. The recharge model proposed by earlier workers to explain anomalous Sr and Nd isotopes appears unlikely in light of the two to fourfold enrichment of light rare earth elements in these samples. Received: 1 October 1999 / Accepted: 14 May 2000     

永平铜矿岩质边坡中的滑坡整治

介绍了在露天矿山边坡中产生滑坡而影响采矿的情况下，采用监测手段探明滑体边界和滑坡影响区，对滑体及其周边不稳定边坡区进行应急加固和治理，在保证正常采矿的条件下，深入进行工程地质调查和岩石力学试验及计算分析工作，然后再进行设计和施工补充加固工程和采取综合整治措施，并建立加固效果监测系统     

Paleostress fields from calcite twins in the Pyeongan Supergroup, South Korea

Abstract   Paleostress fields of the Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic Pyeongan Supergroup that is distributed along the northeastern part of the Ogcheon Belt in South Korea were investigated using the calcite strain gauge (CSG) technique. Combining the results of this study with those of other studies investigating the relationship between twin strain, twin density and width, which are used as indicators of deformation conditions in the natural low-temperature deformation of limestone, it was estimated that calcite twins in the study area were probably formed at temperatures lower than 170°C. From two samples, two different principal paleostress directions were inferred from calcite twins, while only one direction was inferred from two other samples. This result suggests that deformation occurred during two or more different tectonic events in the Pyeongan Supergroup during the Mesozoic era. The maximum shortening axis was oriented in two directions, northeast–southwest and northwest–southeast, respectively, which coincide well with the paleostress directions inferred from the stress inversion for many fault sets. Combining the results of the paleostress analysis from this and other studies, we hypothesize that the directions of the maximum shortening axis in the Pyeongan Supergroup changed from northeast–southwest during the pre-Daebo orogeny period (Late Triassic period) to northwest–southeast during the syn-Daebo orogeny period (Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous period) in the Mesozoic era.     

An Interactive Sampling Strategy Based on Information Analysis and Ordinary Kriging for Locating Hot Spot Regions

This study proposes an interactive sampling strategy for locating the hot spot or maximum regions of a concerned attribute in a given area of survey. In the proposed strategy, information analysis is performed based on the ordinary kriging from the existing sample data to suggest a new batch of samples under the criterion of the highest information free energy. The information free energy (F) is a function of information energy (U) and information entropy (S) through F = U - TS, where T is information temperature and is used to coordinate the contribution of U and S to F. Information energy is the value of the concerned attribute, and information entropy is the transformed error variance of kriging and therefore measures the evenness and density of coverage of samples over the area under survey. At early sampling batches, information temperature is high and information entropy dominates the information free energy, and samples are suggested to give an even and dense enough coverage of the whole area under investigation. As samples accumulate, information temperature decreases to enlarge the contribution of information energy, and future samples are taken toward the locations with high attribute values. Two examples demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed sampling strategy in locating the hot spot regions of various fields: (1) a heavy metal contaminated site reproduced by modeling on 55 real field data; (2) a simulated two-dimensional field by the random phase volume (RPV) model. The results show that the proposed strategy, a robust interactive sampling procedure, is able to locate hot spot regions without compromising with the overall profile of an under-survey area.     

白银厂中部成矿带稀土元素地球化学特征的研究

稀土元素在国外已广泛用于岩石学和矿床成因方面的讨论。随着我国测试技术的进步和分析精度的提高,从稀土元素的角度研究岩石和矿床的某些规律,有助于我们对地质现象的认识和解释。众所周知,白银厂是我国老一辈地质学家解放初期发现和勘探成功的大型块状硫化物矿床。地质部和冶金部地质队投入了大量的钻探工程和大比例尺填图。地质科研院、所、大专院校,从不同领域进行较全面的地质研究工作。然而,矿床开采已接近尾声,认识上还不统一。我们为提高对白银厂地区地层、细碧石英角斑岩建造、矿床成因的认识,企图从稀土元素方面提供某些信息,本文是我们对其结果初步研究的成果。