巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊与地下水的补给来源及化学组成(英文)

Based on the analysis of ion chemical composition of lake water and shallow groundwater in the Badain Jaran Desert, this paper discussed the characteristics of ion chemical composition, spatial variation of lake water, and possible supply sources of lake water and groundwater in the desert areas. The results show that the pH, salinity, TDS and electrical conductivity of the lake water are greater than those of groundwater. The ion con-tents of water samples are dominated by Na+ and Cl?. Most of the higher salinity lakes are Na (K)-Cl-(SO4) type, and a few of low salinity lakes belong to the Na-(Mg)-(Ca)-Cl-(SO4)-(HCO3) type. Most of the groundwater is Na-(Ca)-(Mg)-Cl-(SO4)-(HCO3) type, attributed to subsaline lake, and only a few present the Na-Cl-SO4 type, flowing under saline lake. The pH, salinity, TDS and electrical conductivity in the southeastern lakes are relatively low, and there are slightly alkaline lakes. The pH, salinity, TDS and electrical conductivity in the northern lakes are much greater than those of the southeastern lakes, and the northern lakes are moderately alkaline and saline ones. In the southeastern part of the Badain Jaran Desert, the ion chemical characteristics of the lake water from south to north show a changing trend of sub-saline →saline→hypersaline. The changing trend of chemical compositions of ions in recent 9 years indicates that most of the ion contents have a shade of reduction in Boritaolegai, Badain, Nuoertu and Huhejilin lakes, which state clearly that the amount of fresh water supply is increasing in the 9-year period. The ion chemical composition of the lake water reveals that the flow direction of lake water is from southeast to northwest in the Badain Jaran Desert. The ion chemical composition, moisture content of sand layer water level height and hierarchical cluster analysis of the lake water and groundwater demonstrate that the lake water is mainly supplied by local rainfall and infiltration of precipitation in Yabulai Mountains and Heishantou Mountain, and the supply from the Qilian Mountains is almost impossible.     

面向对象的湿地景观遥感分类——以杭州湾南岸地区为例

在ENVIEX软件的Feature Extraction平台上,利用LandsatTM影像数据,采用面向对象方法对杭州湾南岸地区湿地景观进行遥感影像分类;通过与基于最大似然法、人工神经网络法、支持向量机法等传统像元方法的相应分类结果进行比较,系统分析了面向对象方法在中低分辨率遥感影像的湿地景观生态分类中的有效性。研究结果表明:①较之单一依据像元光谱值进行分类的传统方法,面向对象方法综合考虑了对象的光谱、空间、纹理、色彩等多种属性特征,因而对于类型复杂多样、分布界限模糊、光谱混淆与混合像元现象严重的沿海滩涂、湖泊、河流等湿地景观具有更好的鉴别能力,也因此获得更高的分类精度(研究区景观分类总精度为88.80%,Kappa系数为0.8765);②面向对象方法在分类中提取的是由同质性像元组成的"对象",且在合理的影像分割下得到的对象破碎化程度较低,因而能在较大程度上减小分类结果中的"椒盐噪声"干扰;而基于像元方法提取的景观类型以离散像元形式组成,难以清晰表征景观的边界、形状等信息,所以分类结果中会有明显的噪声现象;③影像分割在运用面向对象方法进行遥感影像分类过程中具有重要影响,实验结果表明,60%的分割尺度和归并尺度组合较有利于中低分辨率影像的遥感分类;④面向对象分类过程中诸如影像分割精度的评价、最优分割尺度的选取、特征空间的优化等问题,则有待今后进一步探讨。     

黄土坡面不同植被恢复阶段的减流减沙效益研究

在延安燕沟流域退耕黄土坡面,根据植被状况建立不同植被恢复阶段(耕地、草地、灌木地、林地)径流小区,分析在退耕还林(草)工程实施以后,不同植被恢复阶段的减流减沙效益。结果表明,与坡耕地相比,各小区的减流减沙效益为:林地>灌木地>草地,草地和灌木地的减沙效益大于减流效益。对比草地和灌木地刈割前后的产流产沙量,可以看出,草地和灌木的减流效益有80%以上是由于地表枯落物及根系拦蓄径流造成,刈割后产沙量有明显增加,表明处于植被演替初级阶段的近地表层生态功能仍然比较脆弱,仍需进行封育保护。     

城乡边缘区农户家庭就业空间行为模式及机制研究——以衡阳市珠晖区酃湖乡4个样本村为例

在湖南省衡阳市酃湖乡4个村268家农户的访谈和问卷调查的基础上,通过主导因子分析法,总结了城乡边缘区农户就业空间行为的模式,即传统农业模式、城郊农业就业模式、省域就业模式、市域就业模式、本村置业模式和本市置业模式等6种就业空间行为模式,并从城市化、农业生产效率和城乡二元结构等3个方面总结了各种模式的形成机制。     

A Simulation Study on the Extreme Temperature Events of the 20th Century by Using the BCC_AGCM

Extreme temperature events are simulated by using the Beijing Climate Center Atmospheric General Circulation Model (BCC AGCM) in this paper. The model has been run for 136 yr with the observed external forcing data including solar insolation, greenhouse gases, and monthly sea surface temperature (SST). The daily maximum and minimum temperatures are simulated by the model, and 16 indices representing various extreme temperature events are calculated based on these two variables. The results show that the maximum of daily maximum temperature (TXX), maximum of daily minimum (TNX), minimum of daily maximum (TXN), minimum of daily minimum (TNN), warm days (TX90p), warm nights (TN90p), summer days (SU25), tropical nights (TR20), and warm spell duration index (WSDI) have increasing trends during the 20th century in most regions of the world, while the cold days (TX10p), cold nights (TN10p), and cold spell duration index (CSDI) have decreasing trends. The probability density function (PDF) of warm/cold days/nights for three periods of 1881-1950, 1951- 1978, and 1979-2003 is examined. It is found that before 1950, the cold day/night has the largest probability, while for the period of 1979-2003, it has the smallest probability. In contrast to the decreasing trend of cold days/nights, the PDF of warm days/nights exhibits an opposite trend. In addition, the frost days (FD) and ice days (ID) have decreasing trends, the growing season has lengthened, and the diurnal temperature range is getting smaller during the 20th century. A comparison of the above extreme temperature indices between the model output and NCEP data (taken as observation) for 1948-2000 indicates that the mean values and the trends of the simulated indices are close to the observations, and overall there is a high correlation between the simulated indices and the observations. But the simulated trends of FD, ID, growing season length, and diurnal temperature range are not consistent with the observations and their correlations are low or even negative. This indicates that the model is incapable to simulate these four indices although it has captured most indices of the extreme temperature events.     

Formation of the anomalous summer precipitation in east China in 2010 and 1998: A comparison of the impacts of two kinds of El Niño

In the summers of 1998 and 2010, severe floods occurred in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Although an El Niño event took place preceding each of the summer floods, significant differences between the two summer floods and the two El Niño events were identified. The 1997/98 El Niño is a conventional one with strongest warming in the central-eastern Pacific, whereas the 2009/10 event is an El Niño Modoki with strongest warming in the central Pacific. In this study, summer rainfall anomalies (SRA) in the two years were first compared based on the rainfall data at 160 stations in mainland China, and a significant difference in SRA was found. To understand the underlying mechanism for the difference, the atmospheric circulation systems, particularly the western North Pacific anticyclone (WNPAC), the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), and the low-level air flows, were compared in the two years by using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. The results display that the WNPAC was stronger in 2010 than in 1998, along with a northwestward shift, causing weakened southwesterly from the Bay of Bengal to the South China Sea but intensified southerly in eastern China. This resulted in less water vapor transport from the tropical Indian Ocean and the South China Sea but more from the subtropical western Pacific to East Asia. Subsequently, the rainband in 2010 shifted northward. The difference in the WNPAC was caused by the anomalous ascending motion associated with the warming location in the two El Niño events. Furthermore, the role of tropical sea surface temperature (SST) in modulating these differences was investigated by conducting sensitivity experiments using GFDL AM2.1 (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Atmospheric Model). Two experiments were performed, one with the observed monthly SST and the other with June SST persisting through the whole summer. The results suggest that the model well reproduced the primary differences in the atmospheric circulation systems in the two years. It is found that the difference in El Niño events has shaped the rainfall patterns in the two years of 1998 and 2010. At last, the case of 2010 was compared with the composite of historical El Niño Modoki events, and the results indicate that the impact of El Niño Modoki varies from case to case and is more complicated than previously revealed.     

2011年全球重大天气气候事件及其成因

2011年,全球气温偏高,为有观测记录以来的第十个暖年,是近60年来出现拉尼娜事件的年份中全球气温最高的一年。2011年,全球热带气旋活动较常年偏少。4月,一次拉尼娜事件结束,9月又一次拉尼娜事件生成。年初,低温、寒流席卷亚洲大部,暴风雪频繁袭击北美地区。西欧和中国东部出现严重春旱。夏季,非洲东部经历了20世纪80年代以来最严重的干旱,而东南亚、巴基斯坦和中南美洲洪涝灾害严重。全球极端偏暖事件主要出现在欧洲西部和西北部、南亚南部、东亚中西部、北美东南部等地;极端偏冷事件主要出现在东亚、澳大利亚、非洲南部和美国东北部和西部等地。而南美中东部、东南亚及中国东南部、日本、澳大利亚北部、非洲西部等地出现了极端强降水事件。研究发现,2010／2011年拉尼娜事件和台风活动是导致东南亚洪涝出现的重要原因,而巴基斯坦洪涝主要与印度洋正位相偶极型海温分布有关。     

风廓线雷达资料在暴雨天气过程特征分析中的应用

为了研究风廓线雷达在暴雨天气过程预报中的作用,对2008年6月1日至6月2日云南大理发生的一次暴雨过程进行研究。结果表明,降水前三维风的脉动变化较大,水平风在垂直方向上存在风速切变,最大探测高度明显升高;降水期间可以对降水性质进行判断;降水期间功率谱密度出现双峰谱,能测出垂直气流速度及下降粒子速度,通过这样的分析,便于开展更深层次的降水物理过程研究。     

自稳定双拼相机影像拼接技术

介绍自稳定航测双拼数码相机,并详细论述其影像拼接的关键技术,主要包括相机检校、影像水平纠正、子影像间相对定向和虚拟影像拼接,最后对虚拟影像拼接误差进行分析。采用自稳定双拼相机进行低空摄影测量,能达到1:1 000大比例尺航测成图的精度要求。目前,该项技术已经成功应用于地形图测绘、三维建模、区域规划等实际工程项目中。     

地面数字化测图模拟与仿真平台的三维可视化

介绍地面数字化测图模拟与仿真平台三维建模的基本思想,给出了地面数字化测图模拟与仿真平台三维建模过程和建模中相关问题的解决办法,达到了平台在GIS软件中多方位的动态三维可视化效果。