Geochemical constraints on the contribution of Louisville seamount materials to magmagenesis in the Lau back-arc basin,SW Pacific

Seamounts are an integral part of element recycling in global subduction zones. The published trace element and Pb-Sr-Nd isotope data for basaltic lavas from three key segments (Central Lau Spreading Ridge (CLSR), Eastern Lau Spreading Ridge (ELSR), and Valu Fa Ridge (VFR)) of the Lau back-arc basin were compiled to evaluate the contribution of Louisville seamount materials to their magma genesis. Two geochemical transitions, separating three provinces with distinct geochemical characteristics independent of ridge segmentation, were identified based on abrupt geochemical shifts. The origin of the geochemical transitions was determined to be the result of drastic compositional changes of subduction components added into the mantle source, rather than the transition from Indian to Pacific mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) mantle, or due to variable mantle fertilities. The most likely explanation for the drastic shifts in subduction input is the superimposition of Louisville materials on ‘normal’ subduction components consisting predominantly of aqueous fluids liberated from the down-going altered oceanic crust and minor pelagic sediment melts. Quantitative estimation reveals that Louisville materials contributed 0–74% and 21–83% of the Th budget, respectively, to CLSR and VFR lavas, but had no definite contribution to the lavas from the ELSR, which lies farthest away from the subducted Louisville seamount chain (LSC). The spatial association of the subducted LSC with the Louisville-affected segments suggests that the Louisville signature is regionally but not locally available in the Tonga subduction zone. Besides, the preferential melting of subducted old Cretaceous LSC crust instead of the old normal Pacific oceanic crust at similar depths implies that elevated temperature across the subduction interface or seamount erosion and rupture were required to trigger melting. A wider implication of this study, thus, is that seamount subduction may promote efficiency of element recycling in subduction zones.     

Dynamical downscaling simulation and projection for mean and extreme temperature and precipitation over central Asia

Climate Dynamics - As a typical arid and semi-arid area, central Asia (CA) has scarce water resources and fragile ecosystems that are particularly sensitive and vulnerable to climate change. In...     

Association of Indian Ocean ITCZ Variations with the Arctic Oscillation during Boreal Winter

In this study,the authors analyzed the associations between the Arctic Oscillation(AO)and the tropical Indian Ocean(TIO)intertropical convergence zone(ITCZ)in boreal winter for the period 1979–2009.A statistically significant AO-TIO ITCZ linkage was found.The ITCZ vertical air motion is significantly associated with the AO,with upward(downward)air motion corresponding to the positive(negative)AO phase.The Arabian Sea anticyclone plays a crucial role in linking the AO and the TIO ITCZ.The Arabian Sea vorticity is strongly linked to high-latitude disturbances in conjunction with jet stream waveguide effects of disturbance trapping and energy dispersion.During positive(negative)AO years,the Arabian Sea anticyclone tends to be stronger(weaker).The mean vorticity over the Arabian Sea,averaged from 850hPa to 200 hPa,has a significant negative correlation with AO(r=0.63).The anomalous anticyclone over the Arabian Sea brings stronger northeastern winds,which enhance the ITCZ after crossing the equator and result in greater-than-normal precipitation and minimum outgoing long-wave radiation.     

Lead-Lag Connection of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) with East Asian Surface Air Temperatures in Instrumental Records

The authors analyzed the lead-lag connection of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) with East Asian surface air temperatures (EATs) using instrumental records, and compared the results with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The maximum correlation was found when EATs led the AMO by five to seven years (with a correlation coefficient of 0.72, whereas the correlation coefficient was 0.91 when the AMO led EATs by 24-28 years). This is different from the PDO, which mostly correlated with EATs when the PDO led EATs by 13-15 years (with a correlation coefficient of 0.67, whereas the correlation coefficient was 0.76 when EATs led the PDO by 24-26 years). The PDO led the AMO by 19-21 years (with a correlation coefficient of 0.71, whereas the correlation coefficient was 0.84 when the AMO led the PDO by 16-18 years). These results support a previous understanding that EATs positively correlate with the AMO, and imply that the observed East Asian warming trend may have been slowing down since the early 2010s.     

近34年河南首场暴雨时空分布特征及环流背景分析

利用1985-2018年河南省121个国家气象观测站每日20时至次日20时降水资料、常规高空地面观测资料、NCEP1°×1°再分析资料,通过统计和诊断分析方法分析了近34年河南首场暴雨的时空分布特征、影响系统、环流形势和物理量特征。研究结果表明:首场暴雨具有明显的年际变化和月变化特征,主要集中在4-5月,首场暴雨发生时间有提前的趋势;首场暴雨以全省性降水为主,黄淮之间沿黄及其以北和南部地区是暴雨的三个易发区;暴雨出现频次较多的站点和单日雨量最大的站点基本一致,首场暴雨出现的频次从河南省西北部到东南部逐渐增多。首场暴雨的地面影响系统主要是江淮气旋和江淮倒槽两类,高空影响系统500 hPa以低槽为主,700 hPa受低槽、切变线影响,850 hPa受低涡、切变线影响。江淮气旋类暴雨一般热力、动力条件较好,江淮倒槽类暴雨水汽条件较好。首场暴雨的水汽通量、辐合、辐散条件要优于夏季的,垂直速度略小于夏季的,比湿和不稳定度明显低于夏季的。     

影响我国北方冬半年气旋的气候特征及年际变率

本文首先对气旋进行了客观定义,实现了气旋的自动识别与跟踪算法,利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料建立了近60年(1951～2010)我国北方冬半年气旋活动数据集。对气旋的气候特征与年际变率进行了探讨。结果表明:蒙古国中西部、雅布洛诺夫山脉东麓等为主要气旋源地;蒙古国东南部、内蒙古东南部、松嫩平原是气旋活跃区;内蒙古东南部、东北地区中北部为气旋消亡区与快速填塞区;初春、仲秋季节气旋较活跃,冬季气旋最少;随季节推移,气旋活动区域向南、向东推进;气旋移动以偏东路径居多,其次是东南、东北路径;700 hPa风场对气旋移动趋势具有较好的指示意义;24 h标准加深率大于0.5 Bergeron的快速发展气旋,位于内蒙古东部、东北地区中北部、日本海中部等地;爆发性气旋则主要位于日本海附近,我国大陆极少;极端最强气旋主要集中在1980年代以前的仲秋与初春;1980年代以来,气旋频次相对较少,强气旋有逐渐增加的趋势;气旋频次减少与东亚中高纬度大气低层斜压性减弱有关。     

The population structural transition effect on rising per capita CO2 emissions: evidence from China

ABSTRACT

The per capita CO₂ emissions (PCCE) of many developing countries like China have been rising faster than total CO₂ emissions, and display spatial divergence. Such temporal growth and spatial divergence will have a significant influence on efforts to mitigate CO₂ emissions. Given the research gap on the impact of the structural transition in population on PCCE, we constructed an econometric model using the dynamic panel method. The results reveal that the population structural transition has a significant nonlinear impact on PCCE, as the rate of population growth in China decelerates. Both demographic ageing and urban-rural migration have a stronger impact on PCCE than other factors. This effect, however, decreases beyond a certain threshold. An increase in the number of households due to urbanization and family downsizing has resulted in a positive effect on PCCE, without a threshold turning point. The research also finds that an increased share of the service sector in employment can reduce PCCE only if the sector employs more than 31.56% of the total employed population. Overall, these findings indicate that policymakers should pay attention to the prominence of the demographic structural transition for effective climate policy.

Key policy insights

• Policymakers should address rising per capita carbon emissions (PCCE) and their spatial divergence in future climate policies, not just total CO₂ emissions.

• The transitioning demographics of ageing and urbanization in China show a nonlinear, inverted U-shaped effect on PCCE instead of a continuously positive effect.

• Based on the nonlinear effect of employment structure on PCCE, policymakers should focus on the relationship between the structural transition of the economy and PCCE in future climate mitigation policies.

     

云南不同气候带极端气温变化趋势

利用1975-2008年云南6个气候代表站的最高气温、最低气温和平均气温资料,分析了气温序列的变化趋势,探讨了可能的形成原因.结果显示,各代表站的气温总体上呈上升趋势,但气温变化率的大小与其所处的气候带之间没有明显的规律性差异.代表高原气候的香格里拉站其气温增暖趋势最突出,代表北亚热带、中亚热带和南亚热带站点的气温与其有相似的变化趋势,主要表现为最低气温增温速率最大,平均气温次之,最高气温最小,而气温日较差(DTR:Differenceof Temperature Range)有明显减小趋势.温带和北热带代表站气温的变化则有不同的特征,温带的变化表现为最高气温显著上升,最低气温上升速率略小于平均气温的上升速率,DTR变化不显著;北热带的变化表现为平均气温增温速率最大,最低气温次之,最高气温最小,DTR变化不显著.对各站相对暖日、冷日、暖夜、冷夜和霜日的逐年统计分析表明,总体上云南的冷事件在减少,而暖事件增多.     

Different Features of Jets and Isotropic Fireballs in Gamma-ray Burst Phase

We investigated physical quantities including the spectrum,emission lines and pulse profiles expected from a uniform jet,a spherical fireball and the 1/Γ region (the portion of the spherical fireball with opening angle 1/Γ)in the prompt emission phase,after taking into consideration of the Doppler effect under the fireball frame- work.Our study shows that:a)for these physical quantities the spherical fireball and the uniform jets do not present obvious differences,so we cannot use these to distinguish a spherical fireball from a uniform jet;b)for the spherical fireball and a uniform jet,the observed quantities mainly come from the 1/Г region,so we can simply use the 1/Г region in approximate calculations;c)broadening of emission lines is a general phenomena,which mainly comes from the curvature effect;d)the 1/Γ region plays different roles in different frequency ranges,and the radiation from the 1/Γ region is greater in the higher than in the lower frequencies.     

流体 花岗岩 金矿

流体地质研究是当代地学研究中的重要前沿课题，已成为发展地质科学、建立新的知识体系的一个主要支柱和知识生长点。本文阐述了当今国内外流体的研究现状、发展水平、流体的涵义、性质、研究方法和研究重点及其与板块构造、变质作用、岩浆作用、成矿作用、成矿作用的重要意义。流体地质为地质科学提出了许多新的研究机会和挑战。该文在简要评述当今花岗岩研究现状的基础上，对花岗岩与金矿的关系进行了深入的讨论，指出了不同成因类型的花岗岩与金矿有着完全不同的关系。人们所说的花岗岩与金矿关系多数情况下应考虑是流体作用的结果。最后指出加强流体地质研究对提高河南地质与金矿的研究水平具有十分重要的实际意义和理论意义。