Cu(II) adsorption at the calcite-water interface in the presence of natural organic matter: Kinetic studies and molecular-scale characterization

We have characterized the adsorption of Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA) and Cu(II) on calcite from preequilibrated solutions at pH 8.25. Sorption isotherms of SRHA on calcite follow Langmuir-type behavior at SRHA concentrations less than 15 mg C L⁻¹, whereas non-Langmuirian uptake becomes evident at concentrations greater than 15 mg C L⁻¹. The adsorption of SRHA on calcite is rapid and mostly irreversible, with corresponding changes in electrostatic properties. At pH 8.25, Cu(II) uptake by calcite in the presence of dissolved SRHA decreases with increasing dissolved SRHA concentration, suggesting that formation of Cu-SRHA aqueous complexes is the primary factor controlling Cu(II) sorption at the calcite surface under the conditions of our experiments. We also observed that surface-bound SRHA has little influence on Cu(II) uptake by calcite, suggesting that Cu(II) coordinates to calcite surface sites rather than to surface-bound SRHA.Cu K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) spectroscopic results show that the local coordination of Cu adsorbed at the calcite surface is very similar in the presence and absence of SRHA. Ca backscatterers at ∼3.90 Å indicate that Cu(II) forms tetragonally distorted inner-sphere adsorption complexes in both binary and ternary systems. Subtle differences in the XANES and EXAFS between binary sorption samples and ternary sorption samples, however, prevent us from ruling out the formation of ternary Cu-SRHA surface complexes. Our findings demonstrate that SRHA plays an important role in controlling the fate and transport of Cu(II) in calcite-bearing systems.     

小秦岭——熊耳山地区金矿时代

全面系统地了小秦岭－－熊耳山地区金矿成矿时代的研究历史和现状,根据地质特征,检验了各类测试方法的可信度,并列出了最新的测试数据。进而提出了印支期是小秦岭－－熊耳山财区乃至整个秦的一个重要的金、多金属的成矿期的新认识,认为这是华北与扬子两大板块在鲟支期完成碰撞对接这一重大地质事件中在后缘拉和机制下,驱动早期地幔柱复活成矿的结果。     

城市扩展强度及其地表热特性遥感定量分析

城市化将自然景观转变为不同土地利用的城市景观,改变了地表的物理特性。因此,有关城市扩张及其对环境的影响的准确信息具有广泛的应用价值。利用遥感技术监测土地利用变化成为城市环境研究的重要内容,然而利用遥感技术定量提取城市扩展及其强度的定量信息仍存在许多挑战。本文提出了定量确定城市扩展范围及其发展强度的新方法——地图密度指数。并以中部城市——长沙为例,利用Landsat TM/ETM+数据定量评价了城市扩张及其热环境特征的变化。首先,集成遥感光谱指数提取地表非渗透表面,然后利用移动窗口算法获得地图密度指数,再根据设定的阈值获得密度指数等级图,依此密度指数等级图识别城市扩展范围及其发展强度。再结合地表温度反演的数据,分析了城市格局及其变化与地表热特性变化的定量关系。结果表明,自1990年代以来,长沙市城市区域及其发展密度显著增加,城市发展的密度差异与地表温度相一致。 地图密度指数能较好刻画城市扩展范围及其发展强度,并与地表温度空间分布存在较好的对应关系。     

基于WebGIS的空间数据库的建立

随着全球环境的进一步恶化,各国政府越来越重视资源环境问题,如何科学地利用自然资源和保护环境是当前面临的重大课题.各级政府部门已经投入大量人力物力完成了各类资源环境工程项目和相关的研究工作,积累了大量的资源环境数据,如何科学有效地利用这些数据资源,是急需解决的现实问题.本文阐述了WebGIS功能特点,并结合安徽省资源环境空间数据库的建设,着重介绍了基于WebGIS的空间数据库的系统设计方法、建立过程和应注意的问题.     

Effects of the oophagous bivalve Acesta oophaga on the morphology and fecundity of its deep‐sea tubeworm host,Lamellibrachia luymesi

The deep‐sea bivalve Acesta oophaga lives attached to the anterior end of the vestimentiferan tubeworm, Lamellibrachia luymesi, at cold methane seeps. The bivalve is found almost exclusively on female tubeworms, where it consumes the lipid‐rich eggs of L. luymesi that are spawned year round (Biological Bulletin, 209, 2005, 87). It is apparent that A. oophaga benefits directly from this close association, but the consequences for the tubeworm host may be more complicated than just a simple predator–prey interaction. Since A. oophaga completely surrounds the tube opening and plume of the worm, it is likely that its presence would limit oxygen uptake by L. luymesi, thereby inhibiting worm growth and reproduction. We hypothesized that occupied tubeworms would compensate for this by growing larger plumes for oxygen uptake. To explore the effects of bivalve presence/absence on female tubeworms, several morphological features, including body size, plume length, tube diameter, and tube segment length, as well as instantaneous fecundity, were compared. Results suggest that the mere presence of A. oophaga has a significant impact on the morphology of its host worm, as all measures of worm size, except for tube segment length, were significantly greater with clams present. Additionally, instantaneous fecundity was 3.5 times higher in occupied worms, implying that tubeworms are not oxygen‐deprived or energy limited as a result of bivalve presence. Our findings suggest that the association between these two deep‐sea organisms may be a more complex form of symbiosis than the simple predator–prey relationship, as previously thought.     

农业生态系统可持续性评价研究进展

在大量查阅国内外文献资料的基础上,阐述了国内外农业可持续性评价指标体系的选取标准与选取方法,在此基础上,综述了国内外农业可持续评价方法及评价尺度等研究进展情况。发现国内农业可持续性评价指标过多且以农业经济方面的指标为主,指标之间重叠现象严重,对生态环境、政策性和指导性指标重视不够,而且评价方法有待进一步完善。最后,针对农业可持续性评价中存在的问题提出了一些建议,以期对国内农业的可持续评价研究有所借鉴。     

南海北部冷泉碳酸盐岩和石化微生物细菌及地质意义

通过对2002年广州海洋地质调查局在南海北部海域拖网采集的碳酸盐岩样品进行岩石、矿物、微量元素和同位素特征的研究,证实在南海水合物远景区发育有冷泉碳酸盐岩。冷泉碳酸盐岩形态类似于烟囱,主要由方解石、伊利石、石英、黄铁矿和一种未知的矿物组成。保存了很可能是石化的甲烷氧化和硫酸盐还原细菌。碳酸盐岩矿物的δ^13CPDB为-51.24‰～-51．757‰。碳酸盐岩矿物的页岩标准化稀土元素配分模式具无Ce和Eu异常、微弱的轻稀土亏损和中稀土富集特征,表明形成于还原的缺氧环境,显示了冷泉碳酸盐岩的特征,指示在南海北部水合物远景分布区内冷泉活动的近海底可能发育有水合物。     

山东省电气石矿地质特征及勘查方法探讨

论述了山东省电气石矿分布及赋存特征,矿体的产状、规模、厚度及其质量变化;研究了矿石类型、加工技术性能及开采技术条件;论述了目前该矿产勘查现状,结合矿床实例,对该类矿产的勘查方法进行了探讨。     

三颗河外射电源第一历元的VLBI图像

本文给出利用上海、乌鲁木齐、意大利ＮＯＴＯ和南非ＨａｒｔＲＡＯ射电望远镜,对三颗河外射电源（１５３２＋０１６,２３２００２０,２３５１１５４）,在５ＧＨｚ频率上的第一历元ＶＬＢＩ观测成图结果     

气象灾害和气候变化对国家安全的影响

概述了中国因气象灾害和气候变化引发的各种自然灾害造成的经济损失,分析了中国政府对环境问题的基本国策,引证了气候变化对国家安全造成的潜在威胁,并提出了我国应对气候变化的对策建议。