Atypical occlusion process caused by the merger of a sea-breeze front and gust front

An atypical occlusion process that occurred in North China on 14 July 2011 is studied based on both observations and a real-data Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulation. The results show that this atypical occlusion process was significantly different from the traditional, synoptic-scale occlusion process that occurs within extratropical cyclones. It was caused by the merger of two cold-type mesoscale fronts. One of the fronts developed from the gust front of convective storms, while the other was a sea-breeze front. As the two fronts moved towards each other, the warm air between them was squeezed and separated from the surface. An atypical occluded front was formed when the two fronts merged, with the warm air forced aloft. This kind of occlusion is termed a "merger" process, different from the well-known "catch-up" and "wrap-up" processes. Moreover, local convection was found to be enhanced during the merger process, with severe convective weather produced in the merger area.     

Constraints on sedimentary ages of the Chuanlinggou Formation in the Ming Tombs,Beijing, North China Craton: LA-ICP-MS and SHRIMP U–Pb dating of detrital zircons

Detrital zircons in five sedimentary samples, MC1 to MC5, from the bottom of the Chuanlinggou Formation in the Ming Tombs District, Beijing, were dated with the LA-ICP-MS and SHRIMP U–Pb methods. Age spectra of the five samples show a major peak at 2500 Ma and a secondary peak at 2000 Ma, suggesting their provenances were mainly from the crystalline basement of the North China Craton and the Trans-North China Orogen. The youngest zircon has an age of 1673 ± 44 Ma, indicating that the Chuanlinggou Formation was deposited after this age. From sample MC4 to MC5, lithology changed from a clastic rock (fine-grained sandstone) to a carbonate rock (fine-grained dolomite), suggesting that the depositional basin became progressively deeper. The age spectrum of sample MC5 shows a major peak at 2500 Ma and a secondary peak at 2000 Ma. Sample MC4, which is stratigraphically lower than sample MC5, only had one peak at 2500 Ma. We conclude that there was a transgressive event when sediments represented by MC5 was deposited, and seawater carried ca. 2000 Ma clastic materials to the basin where the Chuanlinggou Formation was deposited, leading to the addition of ca. 2000 Ma detritus. Our research indicates that the source area for the sediments became more extensive with time. We conclude that the Chuanlinggou Formation in the Ming Tombs District was deposited in a low-energy mud flat sedimentary environment in the inter-supra tidal zone because it is mainly composed of silty mudstone and fine-grained sandstone with relatively simple sedimentary structures.     

气象场相关结构对EOFs展开稳定性的影响

本文从矩阵扰动理论出发,提出利用矩阵的范数(norm)作为度量气象场随机扰动的稳定性指标,并由此间接推估EOFs展开的稳定性。经理论论证、数值试验和实例计算表明,气象场的相关性越好,达到稳定相关结构所需样本越小,由此得到的EOFs稳定性也越好,反之则不然。上述规律又直接受样本大小n和站点数目p的影响。对于不同的气象场来说,达到稳定EOFs的样本临界值不同,必须警惕EOFs展开有可能不是稳定的。     

Dynamic simulation of tropical coral reef ecosystem being disturbed by multiple situations

In consideration of the rapid degradation of coral reef ecosystems, the establishment of models is helpful to comprehend the degradation mechanism of coral reef ecosystems and predict the development process of coral reef communities. According to the characteristics of complex ecosystem of tropical coral reefs in China, the coral reef functional group is the core level variable; combined with the multiple feedback effects of coral reef functional groups and environmental changes, the study presents a coral reef ecosystem dynamics model with hermatypic corals as the core. Based on the simulation of the assumed initial value and the internal feedback of the system, the results show that in the basic simulation(relative health conditions), the coverage area of live corals and coral reefs generally decreased first and then increased, and increased by 4.67% and 6.38% between2010 and 2050, respectively. Based on the calibration model and the current situation of the studied area, the multi-factor disturbance effects of coral reef communities were simulated and explored by setting up three scenarios involving fishing policy, terrestrial deposition, and inorganic nitrogen emissions. Among them, in the single factor disturbance, the fishing policy exerts the most direct impact on the community decline; and the succession phenomenon is obvious; the terrestrial sedimentation has a faster and more integrated effect on the community decline; the effect of inorganic nitrogen emission on the community decline is relatively slow. In the double/multi-factor disturbance, the superimposed disturbance will aggravate the multi-source feedback effect of the coral reef communities development, accelerate the community decay rate, and make its development trajectory more complicated and diverse. This method provides a scientific and feasible method for simulating the damage of long-term coral reef community and exploring the development law and adaptive management of coral reef ecosystems. In the future, it can be further studied in the ecological restoration process and decisionmaking direction of coral reefs.     

砂粒粒径与砂层厚度对单体筐养养殖系统中三疣梭子蟹幼蟹摄食行为与生长特性的影响研究*

提要 在梭子蟹的单体筐养养殖系统中,试验了生态掩体(砂盒)中不同的砂粒粒径大小以及砂层厚度对梭子蟹幼蟹摄食行为与生长特性的影响。砂粒粒径设三个水平,分别为：>2 mm、<0.2 mm以及混合砂;砂层厚度有0cm、2cm、5cm、8cm四个水平。试验共进行6天,结果表明：砂粒粒径及砂层厚度对梭子蟹幼蟹的摄食与生长都有明显的影响。从砂粒粒径看,幼蟹在细砂(SPS)中挖洞休息,蟹体与砂面呈30-45°角,仅露眼睛及触角在外。一天内有3-6次进食,总进食时间为142.7±22.52 min,在摄食次数、总进食时间、平均摄食量(0.2427±0.0137 g/gBW)、以及脱皮及成活率都远高于其他粒径组,该组中幼蟹的体重增长最快,增加了0.814±0.113 g,增长率为91.5±3.43%;而该组的饵料系数(FCR)最低为1.17±0.11。因此,筐养养殖系统砂掩体的砂粒粒径最好为0.2 mm以下。砂层厚度也有类似结果,5 cm以上厚度养殖效果最佳。平均摄食量为0.2087±0.0046 g/gBW,该厚度下,幼蟹无死亡、100%脱皮,体重也增加最快,增加了0.791±0.121 g,增长率为88.9±3.74%,饵料系数(FCR)达到1.37±0.23,表明筐养系统掩体中砂层厚度要在5 cm以上。三种保护性酶类(SOD, POD, CAT)活性随着砂粒粒径变小和砂层厚度增加而降低,而消化酶类(淀粉酶、蛋白酶、脂酶)活性则表现与保护性酶类相反特性。从两类酶的活性变化也能证实,在优选条件下(细砂、厚度>5 cm),幼蟹所受的胁迫在降低。     

全国重要矿产总量预测方法

全国重要矿产资源评价涉及25种重要矿产的近百种矿床类型,需要在1∶20万尺度水平圈定成矿预测远景区,并科学估算各远景区资源量,为国家矿产资源战略勘查和战略部署提供技术支撑。为了保证预测成果在同一层面上进行全国汇总,制定了全国一致的、标准的技术要求和方法。通过对中国以往一轮、二轮区划预测方法、全国矿产资源总量预测方法及国外最新预测方法的分析和总结,结合近年来预测理论的新发展,确定了全国重要矿产总量预测的理论基础是成矿系列理论、现代成矿动力学理论和综合信息矿产预测理论,采用的预测思路是矿床模型综合地质信息预测方法。文章陈述了总量预测的方法流程和预测技术要求,有关方法思路可供资源评价人员参考。     

镜儿泉矿区地裂缝分布特征与形成机制研究

金属矿山地下开采引起的地裂缝问题已成为一种严重的矿山地质环境灾害,受到越来越多的关注。镜儿泉矿区经过前期的浅孔留矿法开采产生了大范围的地面塌陷和地表裂缝,后又采用充填法开采以保障地表建筑物的安全。本文以现场调查和地表GPS监测数据为依据,从地表裂缝的形成和发展探讨了地裂缝的分布特征、变化规律和形成机制。研究结果为保障矿山的生产安全提供了依据。     

ESTIMATES OF SEA SURFACE FLUXES DURING TOGA-COARE IOP

With the marine ship observation data set obtained by three cruise-phases of Chinese Xi-angyanghong 5 from November 5,1992 to February 19,1993 in the TOGA-COARE IOP at 2°S,156°E.the sea surface fluxes at this point are estimated by three different bulk schemes.Firstly.aquasi-linear relation is found between the neutral drag coefficients and wind speed.Then,the sta-bility-dependent drag and heat transfer coefficients are solved in the iterative method.Based onthus-derived transfer coefficients,the momentum,sensible and latent heat fluxes are calculated.In the warm pool region,the fluxes corresponding to the westeily winds are much greater thanthose of the easterly trade winds.The magnitude of sea surface fluxes depends upon the atmo-spheric stability as well,in particular in the case of weak wind condition.The estimated sea sur-face net heat budget shows that considerable amount of heat transport from ocean to atmosphere ismainly produced by the effective longwave radiation,latent and sensible heat fluxes.Among themthe value of latent heat flux is the largest and the sensible heat flux is the smallest.Finally,an ac-curacy analysis is made by direct measurements with the eddy-correlation method on the JapaneseR/V Hakuho board at the same time.It is shown that the bulk-derived fluxes are acceptable withmuch confidence.The estimated effective longwave radiation is used to compare with those by di-rect observations on Xiangyanghong 5.This research is compared with TOGA investigation in thetropical western Pacific.     

Statistical downscaling of reference evapotranspiration in Haihe River Basin: applicability assessment and application to future projection

Future changes in reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) are of increasing importance in assessing the potential impacts on hydrology and water resources systems of more pronounced climate change. This study assesses the applicability of the Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) in projecting ET₀, and investigates the seasonal and spatial patterns of future ET₀ based on general circulation models (GCMs) across the Haihe River Basin. The results indicate that SDSM can downscale ET₀ well in term of different basin-averaged measures for the HadCM3 and CGCM3 GCMs. HadCM3 has a much superior capability in capturing inter-annual variability compared to CGCM3 and thus is chosen as the sole model to assess the changes in future ET₀. There are three homogeneous sub-regions of the Haihe River Basin: Northwest, Northeast and Southeast. Change points are detected at around 2050 and 2080 under the A2 and B2 scenarios, respectively. The Northwest is revealed to have a slight to strong increase in ET₀, while the Northeast and the Southeast tend to experience a pattern change from decrease to increase in ET₀.

EDITOR M.C. Acreman

ASSOCIATE EDITOR J. Thompson