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排序方式: 共有371条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
81.
We focus on the association between the institutional factor of union contract coverage rates among workers and the variation in income inequality across a set of sixty-four metropolitan areas of the United States for the years 1990, 2000, and 2010. We use market variables of relative skills and relative education and demographic variables of race and gender as controls in our regression models. We also specify a set of models that substitute right-to-work status for union contract coverage rates. Our primary finding is that union contract coverage rates are temporally consistent and significant negative covariates of income inequality, as measured by Gini coefficients, across the metropolitan areas. Further, metropolitan areas in right-to-work states have consistently and significantly higher levels of inequality than expected given the control variable effects. Our interpretation of the primary finding is that issues of labor power and class play a clearly important role in contributing to income inequality in the set of metropolitan areas used in the analysis. 相似文献
82.
William R. Stockwell Rosa M. Fitzgerald Duanjun Lu Roberto Perea 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2013,70(1):91-104
The objective of this study is to present differences in the variability of observed and ozone-mixing ratios simulated by a three-dimensional atmospheric chemical model using two chemical mechanisms. In this study the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions is used to make ozone simulations with the Carbon Bond mechanism, versions 4 and 5. The Paso del Norte region is used as a test-bed for these simulations. The shared variance between the simulations and measurements is typical for air quality models ranging from 0.51 to 0.86 for both mechanisms. The smallest mean normalized gross error is about 31 % with CB4 but the normalized bias is over 30 % as well. Boundary conditions, emissions and other factors affect the levels of ozone of the simulated mixing ratios and therefore error and bias but these factors have a much less affect on the simulated ozone variability. The differences in the ozone variability of the measurements and the simulations are very large and different for the two chemical mechanisms. There are many more instances of low ozone mixing ratios in the measurements than in the simulated ozone. One possible explanation is that these differences are due to problems associated with comparing point measurements with grid averages. A more disturbing possibility is that the bias could be due to the procedures used in the development and testing of air quality modeling systems. Air quality mechanisms are evaluated against environmental chamber data where the chemistry occurs at high concentrations and this may lead to a systematic positive bias in ozone simulations. 相似文献
83.
On conditional simulation to inaccurate data 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Dean S. Oliver 《Mathematical Geology》1996,28(6):811-817
84.
Dean A. Shaw Garth Vanderkamp F. Malcolm Conly Al Pietroniro Lawrence Martz 《水文研究》2012,26(20):3147-3156
The fill–spill of surface depressions (wetlands) results in intermittent surface water connectivity between wetlands in the prairie wetland region of North America. Dynamic connectivity between wetlands results in dynamic contributing areas for runoff. However, the effect of fill–spill and the resultant variable or dynamic basin contributing area has largely been disregarded in the hydrological community. Long‐term field observations recorded at the St. Denis National Wildlife Area, Saskatchewan, allow fill–spill in the basin to be identified and quantified. Along with historical water‐level observations dating back to 1968, recent data collected for the basin include snow surveys, surface water survey and production of a light detection and ranging–derived digital elevation model. Data collection for the basin includes both wet and dry antecedent basin conditions during spring runoff events. A surface water survey at St. Denis in 2006 reveals a disconnected channel network during the spring freshet runoff event. Rather than 100% of the basin contributing runoff to the outlet, which most hydrological models assume, only approximately 39% of the basin contributes to the outlet. Anthropogenic features, such as culverts and roads, were found to influence the extent and spatial distribution of contributing areas in the basin. Historical pond depth records illustrate the effect of antecedent basin conditions on fill–spill and basin contributing area. A large pond at the outlet of the St. Denis basin, which only receives local runoff during dry years when upstream surface storage has not been satisfied, has pond runoff volumes that increase by a factor of 20 or more during wet years when upstream antecedent basin surface storage is satisfied and basin‐wide runoff contributes to the pond. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
85.
86.
M. Molina L. Bassani A. Malizia J. B. Stephen A. J. Bird A. J. Dean F. Panessa A. De Rosa R. Landi 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,399(3):1293-1306
In this paper we discuss the broad-band X-ray characteristics of a complete sample of 36 type 1 active galactic nuclei (AGN), detected by INTEGRAL in the 20–40 keV band above the 5.5σ level. We present, for all the objects in the sample, the broad-band (1–110 keV) spectral analysis obtained by using INTEGRAL / Swift /Burst Alert Telescope observations together with XMM–Newton , Chandra , ASCA and Swift /X-Ray Telescope data. We also present the general average properties of the sample, i.e. the distribution of photon indices, high-energy cut-offs, reflection fractions and absorption properties, together with an in-depth analysis of their parameter space. We find that the average Seyfert 1 power law has an index of 1.7 with a dispersion of 0.2. The mean cut-off energy is at around 100 keV, with most objects displaying E c in the range 50–150 keV; the average amount of Compton reflection is 1.5 with a typical dispersion of 0.7. We do not find any convincing correlation between the various parameters, an indication that our analysis is not strongly dependent by the interplay between them. Finally, we investigate how the results presented in this work fit into current frameworks for AGN spectral modelling and cosmic diffuse X-ray background synthesis models. 相似文献
87.
Carl Spandler Greg Yaxley David H. Green Dean Scott 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2010,160(4):569-589
We performed a series of piston-cylinder experiments on a synthetic pelite starting material over a pressure and temperature
range of 3.0–5.0 GPa and 1,100–1,600°C, respectively, to examine the melting behaviour and phase relations of sedimentary
rocks at upper mantle conditions. The anhydrous pelite solidus is between 1,150 and 1,200°C at 3.0 GPa and close to 1,250°C
at 5.0 GPa, whereas the liquidus is likely to be at 1,600°C or higher at all investigated pressures, giving a large melting
interval of over 400°C. The subsolidus paragenesis consists of quartz/coesite, feldspar, garnet, kyanite, rutile, ±clinopyroxene
±apatite. Feldspar, rutile and apatite are rapidly melted out above the solidus, whereas garnet and kyanite are stable to
high melt fractions (>70%). Clinopyroxene stability increases with increasing pressure, and quartz/coesite is the sole liquidus
phase at all pressures. Feldspars are relatively Na-rich [K/(K + Na) = 0.4–0.5] at 3.0 GPa, but are nearly pure K-feldspar
at 5.0 GPa. Clinopyroxenes are jadeite and Ca-eskolaite rich, with jadeite contents increasing with pressure. All supersolidus
experiments produced alkaline dacitic melts with relatively constant SiO2 and Al2O3 contents. At 3.0 GPa, initial melting is controlled almost exclusively by feldspar and quartz, giving melts with K2O/Na2O ~1. At 4.0 and 5.0 GPa, low-fraction melting is controlled by jadeite-rich clinopyroxene and K-rich feldspar, which leads
to compatible behaviour of Na and melts with K2O/Na2O ≫ 1. Our results indicate that sedimentary protoliths entrained in upwelling heterogeneous mantle domains may undergo melting
at greater depths than mafic lithologies to produce ultrapotassic dacitic melts. Such melts are expected to react with and
metasomatise the surrounding peridotite, which may subsequently undergo melting at shallower levels to produce compositionally
distinct magma types. This scenario may account for many of the distinctive geochemical characteristics of EM-type ocean island
magma suites. Moreover, unmelted or partially melted sedimentary rocks in the mantle may contribute to some seismic discontinuities
that have been observed beneath intraplate and island-arc volcanic regions. 相似文献
88.
Using a small ensemble size in the ensemble Kalman filter methodology is efficient for updating numerical reservoir models
but can result in poor updates following spurious correlations between observations and model variables. The most common approach
for reducing the effect of spurious correlations on model updates is multiplication of the estimated covariance by a tapering
function that eliminates all correlations beyond a prespecified distance. Distance-dependent tapering is not always appropriate,
however. In this paper, we describe efficient methods for discriminating between the real and the spurious correlations in
the Kalman gain matrix by using the bootstrap method to assess the confidence level of each element from the Kalman gain matrix.
The new method is tested on a small linear problem, and on a water flooding reservoir history matching problem. For the water
flooding example, a small ensemble size of 30 was used to compute the Kalman gain in both the screened EnKF and standard EnKF
methods. The new method resulted in significantly smaller root mean squared errors of the estimated model parameters and greater
variability in the final updated ensemble. 相似文献
89.
W. R. Stockwell 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1995,57(1-4):159-171
Summary Non-uniform mixing of gas-phase trace species may limit the accuracy of the predictions of Eulerian transport/transformation models if the chemical reactions are rapid enough to be diffusion limited. If a reaction is diffusion limited, its average reaction rate might not be accurately represented by those models that assume instantaneous uniform mixing. One possible consequence of this artificial dilution is the overprediction of ozone and hydroxyl radicals. We have determined which reactions in the Regional Acid Deposition Model Gas-Phase Chemical Mechanism (Stockwell et al., 1990) are diffusion limited for a typical atmospheric condition through the calculation of Damköhler numbers. Damköhler numbers are defined to be the ratio of the diffusion mixing time to the chemical reaction time for a given chemical reaction (McRae et al., 1982; Hill, 1976). The reactions of hydroxyl radicals and the reactions of peroxy radicals with NO are diffusion limited under typical atmospheric conditions. Both sets of reactions are especially significant because NOx and organic species strongly affect ozone and hydroxyl radical concentrations. It is suggested that Damköhler numbers could be used to help determine the placement of Eulerian model boundaries and to determine model grid structure.With 2 Figures 相似文献
90.
Douglas Elvers S.P. Srivastava Kenneth Potter Joseph Morley Dean Sdidel 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1973,20(2):211-219
Marine magnetic data collected along 37 east-west lines off the Washington and Oregon coast between 42°N and 48°N westward to 144°W have been interpreted. Our interpretation shows that decrease in the offsets of the anomalies across the Surveyor fracture zone and the presence of undisturbed north-south lineations east of it are the result of continuous asymmetric spreading along the Surveyor fracture zone. The survey has delineated the extension of the Blanco fracture zone north-westward to about 133°W. Movement along the Blanco fracture zone was initiated about 15 million years ago. The undisturbed north-south trend of the magnetic anomalies between latitudes 42°N and 48°N and longitudes 133°W and 136°W is interpreted as the interval (22 to 15 my) during which the Juan de Fuca and Gorda rises were one continuous structure. West of 137° the Surveyor, Sedna and three minor fracture zones are mapped. 相似文献