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21.
Louis I. Gordon P. Kilho Park Stephen W. Hager Timothy R. Parsons 《Journal of Oceanography》1971,27(3):81-90
Observations were made of time variations of the carbon dioxide partial pressures (Pco2) of the atmosphere and surface sea waters in the Pacific subarctic region. Data were obtained on a cruise of the USC & GSSSURVEYOR in October, 1968 and on the TRANSPAC expedition of the CNAVENDEAVOUR in March–April, 1969. A rise in surface water Pco2 of 18×10–6 atm occurred in a period of 30–45 days in March–April due principally to spring warming of surface waters. An average increase of 60×10–6 atm occurred between October, 1968 and March, 1969 as a result mainly of cessation of summer phytoplankton production and the onset of winter-storm-driven vertical mixing. Because the air-sea Pco2 gradient not only changed appreciably in magnitude but also changed sign, there are important implications for calculations of air-sea exchange of carbon dioxide on the ocean wide scale.Data contained in this paper comprise part of a dissertation to be submitted by Louis I. Gordon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph. D. at Oregon State University. 相似文献
22.
This paper provides a comparative analysis of two separate national surveys of the uptake and use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) by Health Authorities (HAs) in England and Wales. The surveys were undertaken at two different time points (1991 and 2001), and the intervening period has been characterized by major (and continuing) health sector restructuring. The substantial number of HA mergers between 1991 and 2001 provide a methodological challenge in attempting to make comparisons. A pragmatic approach is adopted and the presentation of results has to be restricted solely to English and Welsh HA data. Our findings show that there has been a considerable increase in the use of GIS since the early 1990s, and there is some evidence of more sophisticated uses for a wider range of policy-related and application tasks. However, we conclude that there is still considerable scope for the wider uptake and use of GIS within the NHS. In addition, our findings provide a baseline with which to monitor the impacts of future organizational restructuring on the uses of GIS within the NHS. We suggest that this is important given the replacement of 95 English HAs with 28 new Strategic HAs (StHAs) from April 2002, and the repercussions of the anticipated shift in GIS responsibility to Primary Care Trusts. 相似文献
23.
Richard A. Staff Takeshi Nakagawa Gordon Schlolaut Michael H. Marshall Achim Brauer Henry F. Lamb Christopher Bronk Ramsey Charlotte L. Bryant Fiona Brock Hiroyuki Kitagawa Johannes van der Plicht Rebecca L. Payne Victoria C. Smith Darren F. Mark Alison Macleod Simon P. E. Blockley Jean‐Luc Schwenninger Pavel E. Tarasov Tsuyoshi Haraguchi Katsuya Gotanda Hitoshi Yonenobu Yusuke Yokoyama Suigetsu Project Members 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2013,42(2):259-266
The varved sediment of Lake Suigetsu (central Japan) provides a valuable opportunity to obtain high‐resolution, multi‐proxy palaeoenvironmental data across the last glacial/interglacial cycle. In order to maximize the potential of this archive, a well‐constrained chronology is required. This paper outlines the multiple geochronological techniques being applied – namely varve counting, radiocarbon dating, tephrochronology (including argon–argon dating) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) – and the approaches by which these techniques are being integrated to form a single, coherent, robust chronology. Importantly, we also describe here the linkage of the floating Lake Suigetsu (SG06) varve chronology and the absolute (IntCal09 tree‐ring) time scale, as derived using radiocarbon data from the uppermost (non‐varved) portion of the core. This tie‐point, defined as a distinct (flood) marker horizon in SG06 (event layer B‐07–08 at 1397.4 cm composite depth), is thus derived to be 11 255 to 11 222 IntCal09 cal. years BP (68.2% probability range). 相似文献
24.
Wietse I. van de Lageweg Wout M. van Dijk Darren Box Maarten G. Kleinhans 《The Depositional Record》2016,2(1):22-46
Fluvial meander belt sediments form some of the most architecturally complex reservoirs in hydrocarbon fields due to multiple scales of heterogeneity inherent in their deposition. Currently, characterization of meander belt bodies largely relies on idealized vertical profiles and a limited number of analogue models that naively infer architecture from active river dimensions. Three‐dimensional architectural data are needed to quantify scales of grain‐size heterogeneity, spatial patterns of sedimentation and bar preservation in a direct relationship with the relevant length scales of active river channels. In this study, three large flume experiments and a numerical model were used to characterize and construct the architecture (referred to as ‘archimetrics’) and sedimentology of meander belt deposits, while taking reworking and partial preservation into account. Meander belt sandbody width‐to‐thickness ratios between 100 and 200 were observed, which are consistent with reported values of natural meander belts. For the first time, the relief of the base of a meander belt is quantified, enabling improved estimates of connectedness of amalgamated meander belts. A key observation is that the slope and number of lateral‐accretion packages within natural point bar deposits can be well predicted from fairly basic observables, a finding subsequently tested on several natural systems. Probability curves of preserved architectural characteristics for three dimensions were quantified allowing estimates of bar dimensions, baffle and barrier spacing distributions and container dimensions. Based on this, a set of rules were identified for combining reservoir parameters with the identified probability curves on sandbody dimensions and character, to help create more realistic geomodels for estimating exploration success on the basis of seismic and core data. 相似文献
25.
Ian Parsons 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1978,2(3):199-213
Variation in published alkali-feldspar solvus curves is discussed in the light of the concept of complete (crystal-crystal) and exchange (crystal-fluid-crystal) equilibrium. Exchange equilibrium may lead to very regular solvus-like two-phase curves differing substantially from the true binodal solvus; certain experimental strategies tend to favour the attainment and persistence of the exchange equilibrium condition. New long duration experiments under “alkali excess” and “alkali+silica excess” conditions did not yield fledspar pairs significantly off the bracketed binodal obtained by Smith and Parsons (1974) but exchange equilibrium behaviour is shown to influence the course of equilibration in peralkaline experiments. Agreement in solvus curves obtained by bracketing experiments by several workers is excellent (±2 mol. % Or) with a straight linear relationship between T crit and P such that dT crit/dP≈16°/Kbar. These curves do not exhibit breaks or sensitivity to chemical environment, and there is no evidence that the solvus changes shape with increasing P. 相似文献
26.
Strength equilibrium slopes are rock slopes whose gradient θ and rock mass strength (RMS) are in adjustment. The identification of such slopes depends on the accurate specification of the strength equilibrium envelope. Previous attempts to delimit the envelope are reviewed and modifications are proposed that permit its more rigorous statistical definition. Because θ can be measured much more reliably than RMS, the structural relation between these variables is estimated by regressing RMS on θ, and the strength equilibrium envelope is defined by the 95 per cent confidence limits. The analysis is performed on a data set of 268 rock slopes, representing all the data on RMS and θ hitherto employed in published studies of strength equilibrium slopes. 相似文献
27.
28.
2008年汶川地震造成的应力变化和四川盆地地震危险性增加 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2008年5月12日,灾难性的汶川7．9级大地震袭击了青藏高原东缘,造成四川盆地西部多个大城市房屋倒塌和大量人员伤亡。如此大的地震之后,地壳应力的重新调整通常会导致破坏性地震发生（Stein et al,1997;Stein,1999;McCloskey et al,2005;Parsons et al,2000;Parsons,2002）。5月12日地震的主震造成龙门山和四川盆地连接处最大位错量达9m,说明复杂的走滑和逆冲运动（Jiand Hayes,2008）为该地区的特征（Burchfiel et al,1995;Densmore et al,2007）。四川盆地及其周边也有其他活跃的走滑和逆冲断层相互交错。本文利用地震断层模型计算了由2008年5月12日汶川地震引起的同震应力变化,结果显示很多地区应力显著增加。快速给出这种应力变化图像有助于确定未来可能发生强余震的断层段。 相似文献
29.
E.S.W. Simpson J.G. Sclater B. Parsons I. Norton L. Meinke 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1979,43(2):260-264
East-west-trending Mesozoic magnetic anomalies M2 through M22 have been identified in the northern Mozambique Basin. These anomalies are best matched by sea floor created at 50°S trending N120°E and spreading at a rate of around 1.5 cm/yr. The northward increase in age inferred from the identifications of these anomalies are compatible with observed decrease in the “reliable” heat flow values from 1.4 to 1.1 μcal/cm2 s to the north in the basin. The anomalies terminate in the southern part of the Mozambique Channel against a magnetic quiet zone to the north. Both the Mozambique Basin anomalies and those recently observed off Antarctica are strong evidence in favour of a Gondwanaland reconstruction that places Dronning Maud Land against southern Mozambique, and a late Jurassic or older separation between Africa and Antarctica. 相似文献
30.
John Wainwright Anthony J. Parsons Eva N. Müller Richard E. Brazier D. Mark Powell Bantigegne Fenti 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2008,33(5):813-826
The process basis of existing soil‐erosion models is shown to be ill‐founded. The existing literature builds directly or indirectly on Bennett's (1974) paper, which provided a blueprint for integrated catchment‐scale erosion modelling. Whereas Bennett recognized the inherent assumptions of the approach suggested, subsequent readings of the paper have led to a less critical approach. Most notably, the assumption that sediment movement could be approximated by a continuity equation that related to transport in suspension has produced a series of submodels that assume that all movement occurs in suspension. For commonly occurring conditions on hillslopes, this case is demonstrably untrue both on theoretical grounds and from empirical observations. Elsewhere in the catchment system, it is only partially true, and the extent to which the assumption is reasonable varies both spatially and temporally. A second ground‐breaking paper – that of Foster and Meyer (1972) – was responsible for subsequent uncritical application of a first‐order approximation to deposition based on steady‐state analysis and again a weak empirical basis. We describe in this paper an alternative model (Mahleran – Model for Assessing Hillslope‐Landscape Erosion, Runoff And Nutrients) based upon particle‐travel distance that overcomes existing limitations by incorporating parameterizations of the different detachment and transport mechanisms that occur in water erosion in hillslopes and small catchments. In the second paper in the series, we consider the sensitivity and general behaviour of Mahleran , and test it in relation to data from a large rainfall‐simulation experiment. The third paper of the sequence evaluates the model using data from plots of different sizes in monitored rainfall events. From this evaluation, we consider the scaling characteristics of the current form of Mahleran and suggest that integrated modelling, laboratory and field approaches are required in order to advance the state of the art in soil‐erosion modelling. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献