THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF THE LONG-DISTANCE OILPIPELINE ENGINEERING

LTkemskS0tu.ce0fL0ng-mstance0nflpeAncEwiceringSincel992,thenskassessmentoflongdistanceoilpipeline(LDOP)inN0rthwestChinahasbeenputtoagendasystematically.TheLD0PconstruCtionfromLiuyUantowntoLu0yangcltymakeuPthemajorpipelineengineeringwhichstrotchesover2,ll5kmandservesasoneofthemaJorcrudeoilpipelinesinnorthWestinlandroponofChina(Figurel).Theriskeventinducedbynaturaldisasterscanbedividedintofourwaysfl.EaffoquakcIhhistory,LD0PenrouteroponsexPenontaleafthquakes.Theearthquakemagntude,scal…     

Palynological characterization of gassy sediments in the inner part of Ría de Vigo (NW Spain). New chronological and environmental data

Palynological characterization of the pollen assemblages from core ZV-01 offers a reliable age record of shallow ‘gas seal’ and ‘gas reservoir’ sediments from the Ría de Vigo (NW Spain). Gassy sediments show a direct correspondence with the palynological assemblage zones (LPAZ) 2, 3 and 4, which range in age from 950 to 1510 a.d. for the interval 81–176 cm where gas is found. The facies acting as a seal would correspond to the sedimentation in the ria starting from 1510 a.d. These assemblages also provide significant data which make it possible to reconstruct the palaeoenvironmental changes recorded in the sedimentary infill of the Ría de Vigo. The gassy horizon corresponds to the phase when riparian and mesophilous forest were better represented. This coincides with a relative high abundance of Lingulodinium machaerophorum, which indicates that the waters of the ria had been less renewed by oceanic waters and had a plentiful supply of continental nutrients. At that time, anoxic conditions resulted from restricted vertical circulation of seawater and/or high biological productivity. The dinocyst assemblages overlying and underlying the gassy horizon in core ZV-01 are clearly different from those concomitant with the accumulation of the gassy sediments. This suggests that oceanographic conditions in the Ría de Vigo may have changed several times during the time interval covered by our record. The weaker relationship between L. machaerophorum/Spiniferites spp., and simultaneous significant increases in Impagidinium spp. and Bitectatodinium tepikiense may indicate a greater intrusion of colder, more oceanic waters into the Ría de Vigo, which may have provoked intensification in upwelling during two periods, ca. 700–850 a.d. and ca. 1500–1750 a.d.     

Multifractal analysis as a tool for validating a rainfall model

A multifractal analysis was carried out in order to validate the simulation of hourly rainfall records of a local climate model for the Iberian Peninsula. Observed and simulated hourly rainfall data from four locations in Andalusia (southern Spain) were used to carry out the study. In order to detect the influence of the length of the data series on the results, two different sizes were used for the real data: 4 years, and 20 years. The results show that algebraic tails are required to fit the probability distribution of extreme rain event sizes, and rain and dry event durations for both kinds of rainfall data. Similar results are found for the extreme rain event sizes and dry event durations fits when the real and synthetic data are considered. Nevertheless, some differences appear in the cases of rain event durations. The detection of the presence of a first‐order multifractal phase transition associated with a critical moment in the empirical moment scaling exponent function and the results of the extreme rain event sizes fits, reveal that real rainfall is a self‐organized criticality (SOC) process. That behaviour is less evident in the simulated rainfall series. The same ‘synoptic maximum’ value was found for each place with both types of rainfall data. A time clustering analysis was carried out applying the count‐based periodogram and the Fano factor methods. Some periodicities have been detected in the periodograms, especially for the longest real rainfall data series. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A systematic cross-search for radio/infrared counterparts of XMM-<Emphasis Type="Italic">Newton</Emphasis> sources

We present a catalog of cross-correlated radio, infrared and X-ray sources using a very restrictive selection criteria with an IDL-based code developed by us. The significance of the observed coincidences was evaluated through Monte Carlo simulations of synthetic sources following a well-tested protocol. We found 3320 coincident radio/X-ray sources with a high statistical significance characterized by the sum of error-weighted coordinate differences. For 997 of them, 2MASS counterparts were found. The percentage of chance coincidences is less than 1%. X-ray hardness ratios of well-known populations of objects were used to provide a crude representation of their X-ray spectrum and to make a preliminary diagnosis of the possible nature of unidentified X-ray sources. The results support the fact that the X-ray sky is largely dominated by Active Galactic Nuclei at high galactic latitudes (|b|≥10°). At low galactic latitudes (|b|≤10°) most of unidentified X-ray sources (∼94%) lie at |b|≤2°. This result suggests that most of the unidentified sources found toward the Milky Way plane are galactic objects. Well-known and unidentified sources were classified in different tables with their corresponding radio/infrared and X-ray properties. These tables are intended as a useful tool for researchers interested in particular identifications.     

河南省水资源可持续利用指标体系构建

水资源的可持续利用是社会经济可持续发展的主要内容,分析河南省水资源的现状,在科学性、全面性、系统性、可行性、可比性、超前性和导向性原则的基础上创建河南省水资源可持续利用指标体系。该指标体系由驱动、核心和表征三类指标构成。从微观和宏观两个方面完整地描述了水资源的可持续利用的状态,涵盖了社会、经济、资源、环境保护等领域。在全面分析河南省水资源可持续利用现状的基础上,通过该指标体系的衡量与考核可以找出河南省在水资源可持续利用方面的不足,为有关部门制定相关政策提供决策依据。     

Simulation of the extreme waves generated by typhoon Bolaven (1215) in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea

Record-breaking high waves occurred during the passage of the typhoon Bolaven (1215) (TYB) in the East China Sea (ECS) and Yellow Sea (YS) although its intensity did not reach the level of a super typhoon. Winds and directional wave measurements were made using a range of in-situ instruments mounted on an ocean tower and buoys. In order to understand how such high waves with long duration occurred, analyses have been made through measurement and numerical simulations. TYB winds were generated using the TC96 typhoon wind model with the best track data calibrated with the measurements. And then the wind fields were blended with the reanalyzed synoptic-scale wind fields for a wave model. Wave fields were simulated using WAM4.5 with adjustment of C_d for gust of winds and bottom friction for the study area. Thus the accuracy of simulations is considerably enhanced, and the computed results are also in better agreement with measured data than before. It is found that the extremely high waves evolved as a result of the superposition of distant large swells and high wind seas generated by strong winds from the front/right quadrant of the typhoon track. As the typhoon moved at a speed a little slower than the dominant wave group velocity in a consistent direction for two days, the wave growth was significantly enhanced by strong wind input in an extended fetch and non-linear interaction.     

农田生态系统中重金属的积累积循环

本文通过对北京东郊高碑店地区污染农田的调查研究,探讨了重金属在农田生态系统中的积累和循环,计算出重金属在区域环境中的输入输出量,说明本区仍处于重金属积累状态,为防治农田环境污染,提出了停止施用污水处理厂的晾干污泥,减少灌溉污水中的重金属含量等保护性措施。     

准线形对流系统中强度—速度负相关性的特征研究

准线形对流系统(如飑线、弓形回波)是常见的强对流性系统,伴随它出现的一般是大风、旋风甚至冰雹等严重的灾害性天气现象.弓形回波有的是由一个单体产生的,也有嵌套在飑线或其他线形系统中,作为整个线形回波的一个部分.弓形回波能在很长的带上产生灾害性的直线风.在我们的研究中发现,准线形对流系统中,反射率因子(R)和径向速度(V)之间存在一定的负相关性,对发生在中国东部地区(24.5°-34.29°N,116.01°-119.52°E)的16个个例进行统计分析,发现在这些系统中都存在这种R-V负相关的特征,负相关的程度随高度有规律性的变化.通过对2006年6月29日个例的风场分析证实这种特征确实存在.对流系统与雷达射线方向接近垂直时,R-V负相关特征明显,这是因为该方向上,观测到的径向速度近乎等于实际风速,数值最大;而因垂直运动造成的水平风速减小并不因探测位置的不同而有很大变化.文中通过分析,推断R-V的这种负相关性与准线形系统中对流的强弱、中层径向辐合的强弱以及后向入流都有很大的关系.     

Increasingly important role of numerical modeling in oceanic observation design strategy: A review

Science China Earth Sciences - Oceanic observation design is of considerable significance and has made remarkable progress during the past several decades. This study addresses the critical role of...