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961.
The role of vegetation feedbacks for the process of ice-sheet evolution could potentially be important in realistically modeling the past and future evolution of the Greenland ice-sheet. We use a fully coupled atmosphere–ocean model to assess the response of the climate when the Greenland ice-sheet is replaced with a number of fixed vegetation types (bare soil, broadleaf and needleleaf trees, C3 and C4 grasses and shrubs) in conjunction with loaded and unloaded bedrock orography. These sensitivity experiments show that albedo changes dominate the climate response during the summer months while temperature changes during winter are attributed to altitude change and changes in atmospheric circulation over Greenland. Snow-free summers occur for all fixed vegetation types, except for high altitude eastern regions for bare soil. We perform further simulations with dynamic vegetation resulting in dominant shrub coverage over central and southern Greenland with grasses supported in the north. Ice-sheet modeling shows significant regrowth of the Greenland ice-sheet can occur for a bare soil surface type, dependent on ice-sheet model parameters, while Greenland remains almost ice-free for needleleaf tree coverage. Furthermore, a realistically vegetated Greenland can only support a small amount of ice-sheet regrowth implying multi-stability of the Greenland ice-sheet under a preindustrial climate. This study highlights the importance of considering vegetation climate ice-sheet interactions, and uncertainty in ice-sheet model parameters. 相似文献
962.
Chlorophyll a, zeaxanthin, and pheophytin a were measured from sediment core samples from three lakes (Dewey, Island, and Two Mile Lakes) in the Nebraska Sand Hills.
Pigments were extracted and identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and used to estimate changes in the
relative proportion of cyanobacteria to the algal community. The cyanobacterial toxins microcystin-LR and LA were extracted
and measured using electrospray ionization liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Microcystin-LR was found
in core sections estimated to be as early as 1832, and was present in all three lake cores. Pigment and toxin data were used
to determine if there were changes that occurred in the algal community structure with the onset of modernized agriculture
in the region. No significant changes were found in the relative percent of cyanobacteria or chlorophyll a accumulation, indicating the frequency and intensity of cyanobacterial blooms has not changed over the last century. Despite
this trend, there was a dramatic increase in microcystin-LR accumulation during the 1980s in Dewey Lake, which may be human
induced. 相似文献
963.
人群的移动模拟应用广泛,但为不同时空尺度模拟需求开发不同的模拟系统十分困难和繁琐。该文设计了一种人群的空间移动模型(GMPM),GMPM具有多粒度特性,可应用于不同的领域,满足不同空间尺度、时间尺度的人群移动模拟需求;同时,GMPM又是一种通用开发模型原型,基于GMPM可以构造针对不同应用领域的人群空间移动模拟模型。最后,介绍了不同时空尺度人群移动模拟应用案例。 相似文献
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Danielle Alloin Carme Gallart Emmanuel Fleurence Emanuela Pompei Daniel Raimann Uta Fritze- Von Alvensleben Sukyoung Yi 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2002,281(1-2):109-113
The goal of this project is to analyze the integrated-light spectrum of a region in the LMC bar, for which HST images are
already available yielding color-magnitude diagrams reaching the oldest main-sequence turnoff. Then, we can derive the star
formation history in this field through evolutionary/population synthesis of the integrated light from 330 to 990 nm by a
variety of independent methods and compare the results with the - in principle - more reliable results derived from the analysis
of the color-magnitude diagram (CMD). This confrontation is the key ‘truth-test’ needed for the understanding of the abilities
and the limitations of the evolutionary/population synthesis methods that must be applied of necessity to unresolved nearby
and far-away galaxies. We report here on the observational part of the project.
This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
967.
Stress models for Tharsis formation, Mars 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A critical survey is presented of most stress models proposed for the formation of the tectonic structures in the Tharsis volcano-tectonic province on Mars and provides new constraints for further models. First papers, in the 1970s, attempted to relate the Tharsis formation to asthenospheric movements and lithosphere loading by magma bodies. These processes were then quantified in terms of stress trajectory and magnitude models in elastic lithosphere (e.g. Banerdt et al., J. Geophys. Res. 87(B12), 9723–9733, 1982). Stresses generated by dynamic lithosphere uplift were rapidly dismissed because of the poor agreement between the stress trajectories provided by the elastic models and the structural observations. The preferred stress models involved lithosphere loading, inducing isostatic compensation, and then lithosphere flexure. Some incomsistency with structural interpretation of Viking imagery has been found. In the early 1990s, an attempt to solve this problem resulted in a model involving the existence of a Tharsis-centred brittle crustal cap, deteched from the strong mantle by a weak crustal layer (Tanaka et al., J. Geophys. Res. 96(E1), 15617–15633, 1991). Such a configuration should produce loading stresses akin to those predicted by some combination of the two loading modes. This model has not been quantified yet, however it is expected to reconcile stress trajectories and most structural patterns. Nevertheless, some inconsistencies with observed structures are also expected to remain. Parallel to this approach focused on loading mechanisms, the idea that volcanism and tectonic structures could be related to mantle circulation began to be considered again through numerical convection experiments, whose results have however not been clearly correlated with surface observations. Structural clues to early Tharsis dynamic uplift are reported. These structures have little to do with those predicted by elastic stress modelling of dynamic lithosphere uplift. They denote the existence of unsteady stress trajectories responsible for surface deformations that cannot be readily predicted by elastic models. These structures illustrate that improving current stress models for Tharsis formation shall come from deeper consideration of rock failure criterion and load growth in the lithosphere (e.g. Schultz and Zuber, J. Geophys. Res. 99(E7), 14691–14702, 1994). Improvements should also arise from better understanding rheological layering in the lithosphere and its evolution with time, and from consideration of stress associated to magma emplacement in the crust, which may have produced many tectonic structures before loading stress resulting from magma freezing became significant (Mège and Masson, Planet. Space Sci. 44, 1499–1546, 1996a). 相似文献
968.
A detailed analysis of chemical zoning in two garnet crystals from Harpswell Neck, Maine, forms the basis of an interpretation of garnet nucleation and growth mechanisms. Garnet apparently nucleates initially on crenulations of mica and chlorite and quickly overgrows the entire crenulation, giving rise to complex two‐dimensional zoning patterns depending on the orientation of the thin section cut. Contours of Ca zoning cross those of Mn, Fe and Mg, indicating a lack of equilibrium among these major garnet constituents. Zoning of Fe, Mg and Mn is interpreted to reflect equilibrium with the rock matrix, whereas Ca zoning is interpreted to be controlled by diffusive transport between the matrix and the growing crystal. Image analysis reveals that the growth of garnet is more rapid along triple‐grain intersections than along double‐grain boundaries. Moreover, different minerals are replaced by garnet at different rates. The relative rate of replacement by garnet along double‐grain boundaries is ordered as muscovite > chlorite > plagioclase > quartz. Flux calculations reveal that replacement is limited by diffusion of Si along double‐grain boundaries to or from the local reaction site. It is concluded that multiple diffusive pathways control the bulk replacement of the rock matrix by garnet, with Si and Al transport being rate limiting in these samples. 相似文献
969.
Warming permafrost in European mountains 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Charles Harris Daniel Vonder Mühll Ketil Isaksen Wilfried Haeberli Johan Ludvig Sollid Lorenz King Per Holmlund Francesco Dramis Mauro Guglielmin David Palacios 《Global and Planetary Change》2003,39(3-4):215-225
Here we present the first systematic measurements of European mountain permafrost temperatures from a latitudinal transect of six boreholes extending from the Alps, through Scandinavia to Svalbard. Boreholes were drilled in bedrock to depths of at least 100 m between May 1998 and September 2000. Geothermal profiles provide evidence for regional-scale secular warming, since all are nonlinear, with near-surface warm-side temperature deviations from the deeper thermal gradient. Topographic effects lead to variability between Alpine sites. First approximation estimates, based on curvature within the borehole thermal profiles, indicate a maximum ground surface warming of +1 °C in Svalbard, considered to relate to thermal changes in the last 100 years. In addition, a 15-year time series of thermal data from the 58-m-deep Murtèl–Corvatsch permafrost borehole in Switzerland, drilled in creeping frozen ice-rich rock debris, shows an overall warming trend, but with high-amplitude interannual fluctuations that reflect early winter snow cover more strongly than air temperatures. Thus interpretation of the deeper borehole thermal histories must clearly take account of the potential effects of changing snow cover in addition to atmospheric temperatures. 相似文献
970.
Kazuto SAIKI Didier LAPORTE Daniel VIELZEUF Satoru NAKASHIMA Pierre BOIVIN 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2003,38(3):427-444
Abstract— Two types of pallasites can be distinguished on the basis of the grain shape of olivine (rounded or angular). It has been suggested that these two types of textures resulted from different degrees of annealing at high temperature in the parent body. In order to characterize the kinetics of rounding of olivine grains in an Fe‐Ni matrix, we carried out a series of annealing experiments using a mixture of olivine and Fe‐Ni powder. We were able to reproduce, at a miniature scale, the range of textures in pallasites. The rate of rounding was rapid enough to be observed and measured at the scale of a few micrometers to 20 μm, even though the experiments were performed below the solidus of the Fe‐Ni metal. For instance, grains ?14 mm in diameter became nearly spherical within 7 days at 1400°C. For the morphological analysis of olivine grains, we used two independent techniques: the “critical diameter method” and the “Gaussian diffusion‐resample method,” a new technique specially developed for our study. Both techniques indicate that the rounding time scale is proportional to the cube of the grain size and that morphological adjustments in our experiments occurred by volume diffusion in the olivine lattice, not by surface diffusion along the olivine‐metal boundaries. We used our experimental data to estimate the time scales required for the development of olivine‐metal textures in natural pallasites. We determined that small scale rounding of olivine grains in a solid metal matrix can be produced within relatively short time intervals: ?100 years to produce rounded olivine grains 0.1 mm in radius at 1300–1400°C. 相似文献