全文获取类型
收费全文 | 498篇 |
免费 | 16篇 |
国内免费 | 14篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 4篇 |
大气科学 | 45篇 |
地球物理 | 138篇 |
地质学 | 139篇 |
海洋学 | 108篇 |
天文学 | 69篇 |
综合类 | 5篇 |
自然地理 | 20篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 4篇 |
2021年 | 7篇 |
2020年 | 6篇 |
2019年 | 11篇 |
2018年 | 15篇 |
2017年 | 9篇 |
2016年 | 16篇 |
2015年 | 16篇 |
2014年 | 27篇 |
2013年 | 23篇 |
2012年 | 26篇 |
2011年 | 31篇 |
2010年 | 25篇 |
2009年 | 32篇 |
2008年 | 23篇 |
2007年 | 21篇 |
2006年 | 20篇 |
2005年 | 25篇 |
2004年 | 23篇 |
2003年 | 11篇 |
2002年 | 19篇 |
2001年 | 11篇 |
2000年 | 13篇 |
1999年 | 10篇 |
1998年 | 9篇 |
1997年 | 8篇 |
1996年 | 4篇 |
1995年 | 7篇 |
1994年 | 4篇 |
1993年 | 5篇 |
1992年 | 3篇 |
1991年 | 3篇 |
1990年 | 2篇 |
1989年 | 4篇 |
1987年 | 3篇 |
1986年 | 2篇 |
1985年 | 5篇 |
1984年 | 4篇 |
1983年 | 2篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1980年 | 7篇 |
1979年 | 4篇 |
1978年 | 8篇 |
1976年 | 3篇 |
1975年 | 2篇 |
1974年 | 3篇 |
1972年 | 1篇 |
1971年 | 2篇 |
1968年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有528条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
51.
52.
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project developers have long complained about the complexities of project-specific baseline setting and the vagaries of additionality determination. In response to this, the CDM Executive Board took bold steps towards the standardization of CDM methodologies, culminating in the approval of guidelines for the establishment of performance standards in November 2011. The guidelines specify a performance standard stringency level for both baseline and additionality of 80% for several priority sectors and 90% for all other sectors. However, an analysis of 14 large-scale CDM methodologies that use performance standard approaches challenges this top-down approach to the performance standard design. An appropriate performance standard stringency level strongly depends on sector and technology characteristics. A single stringency level for baseline and additionality determination is appropriate only for greenfield projects, but not for retrofit ones. Overly simple, highly aggregated performance standards are unlikely to ensure high environmental integrity, and difficult questions regarding stringency and updating frequency will eventually have to be addressed on a rather disaggregated level. A careful balance between data requirements and the practicability of performance standards is essential because the heavy data requirements of the existing performance standard methodologies have been the key barrier to their actual implementation. Policy relevance CDM regulators have been pushed by many stakeholders to standardize baseline setting and eliminate project-specific additionality determination. At first glance, performance standards seem to provide the perfect solution for both tasks. However, a one-size-fits-all political decision – e.g. the average of the top 20% performers as enshrined in the Marrakech Accords – is inappropriate. Substantial disaggregation of performance standards is required both technologically and geographically in order to limit over- and under-crediting and close loopholes for non-additional projects. As a lack of reliable and complete data has been and will be a key bottleneck for the development of performance standards, international support for data collection will be indispensable, but costly, and time-consuming. Empirically driven, techno-economic assessments of performance standard stringency levels must be the central task of the future work on standardized methodologies, and should not be sidelined by perceived needs of policy makers to take bold decisions under time pressures. 相似文献
53.
Conventional gravity field expressions are derived from Laplace’s equation, the result being the spherical harmonic gravity field. This gravity field is said to be the exterior spherical harmonic gravity field, as its convergence region is outside the Brillouin (i.e., circumscribing) sphere of the body. In contrast, there exists its counterpart called the interior spherical harmonic gravity field for which the convergence region lies within the interior Brillouin sphere that is not the same as the exterior Brillouin sphere. Thus, the exterior spherical harmonic gravity field cannot model the gravitation within the exterior Brillouin sphere except in some special cases, and the interior spherical harmonic gravity field cannot model the gravitation outside the interior Brillouin sphere. In this paper, we will discuss two types of other spherical harmonic gravity fields that bridge the null space of the exterior/interior gravity field expressions by solving Poisson’s equation. These two gravity fields are obtained by assuming the form of Helmholtz’s equation to Poisson’s equation. This method renders the gravitational potentials as functions of spherical Bessel functions and spherical harmonic coefficients. We refer to these gravity fields as the interior/exterior spherical Bessel gravity fields and study their characteristics. The interior spherical Bessel gravity field is investigated in detail for proximity operation purposes around small primitive bodies. Particularly, we apply the theory to asteroids Bennu (formerly 1999 RQ36) and Castalia to quantify its performance around both nearly spheroidal and contact-binary asteroids, respectively. Furthermore, comparisons between the exterior gravity field, interior gravity field, interior spherical Bessel gravity field, and polyhedral gravity field are made and recommendations are given in order to aid planning of proximity operations for future small body missions. 相似文献
54.
Ohta K. Ohkawa K. Asano K. Hibi S. Takahashi H. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2002,27(1):13-16
Interface waves such as the Scholte wave are a useful tool to study geoacoustic properties and can be conventionally generated by an explosive or a pneumatic source on/above the seafloor. This type of source, however, generates strong compressional waves in the water and sediment at the same time; these waves then disturb an observation of interface waves and leads to difficulty in processing. These sources are also relatively hard to control at sea from a viewpoint of repeatability and stability of interface waves to be generated. In addition, environmental problems caused by those sources is a concern. In this paper, an electromagnetic induction source whose vibrator plate hits the seafloor directly and excites interface waves is described. The capability of this source was evaluated both in a water tank and at seashore. The pulsed Scholte waves excited both by several types of electromagnetic induction source having a different shape of vibrator plate and by dropping weight were transmitted in sediment and received using geophones. As a result of comparison of measured signals, the pulse signal propagating from the source demonstrates a sharper rise time than that from dropping weight 相似文献
55.
Shuko Hamada Takeshi Ohta Tetsuya Hiyama Takashi Kuwada Atsuhiro Takahashi Trofim C. Maximov 《水文研究》2004,18(1):23-39
Seasonal changes in the water and energy exchanges over a pine forest in eastern Siberia were investigated and compared with published data from a nearby larch forest. Continuous observations (April to August 2000) were made of the eddy‐correlation sensible heat flux and latent heat flux above the canopy. The energy balance was almost closed, although the sum of the turbulent fluxes sometimes exceeded the available energy flux (Rn ? G) when the latent heat flux was large; this was related to the wind direction. We examined the seasonal variation in energy balance components at this site. The seasonal variation and magnitude of the sensible heat flux (H) was similar to that of the latent heat flux (λE), with maximum values occurring in mid‐June. Consequently, the Bowen ratio was around 1·0 on many days during the study period. On some clear days just after rainfall, λE was very large and the sum of H and λE exceeded Rn ? G. The evapotranspiration rate above the dry canopy from May to August was 2·2 mm day?1. The contributions of understory evapotranspiration (Eu) and overstory transpiration (Eo) to the evapotranspiration of the entire ecosystem (Et) were both from 25 to 50% throughout the period analysed. These results suggest that Eu plays a very important role in the water cycle at this site. From snowmelt through the tree growth season (23 April to 19 August 2000), the total incoming water, comprised of the sum of precipitation and the water equivalent of the snow at the beginning of the melt season, was 228 mm. Total evapotranspiration from the forest, including interception loss and evaporation from the soil when the canopy was wet, was 208–254 mm. The difference between the incoming and outgoing amounts in the water balance was from +20 to ?26 mm. The water and energy exchanges of the pine and larch forest differed in that λE and H increased slowly in the pine forest, whereas λE increased rapidly in the larch forest and H decreased sharply after the melting season. Consequently, the shape of the Bowen ratio curves at the two sites differed over the period analysed, as a result of the differences in the species in each forest and in soil thawing. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
56.
Possible solar neutron emission associated with five SMM gamma-ray events on 7 June 1980, 21 June 1980, 6 November 1980, 26 November 1982 and 25 April 1984 was found from analysis of 10-minute records of the ground-based neutron monitor at Tokyo. Of these the two events on 21 June 1980 and 25 April 1984 have been already known as neutron events. The time histories of the neutron monitor count rate are compared with those of the gamma-ray count rate and the possibility of energetic neutron emission at the flare site is discussed. 相似文献
57.
58.
Concurrent variations of CNA fluctuations and geomagnetic fluctuations are classified into Type 1 (substorm-type), Type 2 (Pc5-type), and Type 3 which is the object of the present study. Type 3 apparently has peculiar characteristics in that CNA fluctuations at a certain auroral-zone station show a pronounced positive correlation with magnetic fluctuations at distant low-latitude stations. The magnetic fluctuations of this type are identified to generalized Si which tends to take place much more frequently than the so-called Si. The CNA fluctuations of this type are found to take place on the dayside auroral zone only when preceded by a magnetic substorm on the night side. Considering the change of the growth rate of electron cyclotron instability and enhancement of pitch angle diffusion due to the change of magnetic field intensity, the following model is proposed to explain the occurrence mechanism of Type 3 concurrent variations. The CNA fluctuations take place only when two conditions are satisfied; generation of the accelerated electrons in association with substorm onset and modulation of the precipitation of the electrons by compression and expansion of the magnetosphere, in other words, by generalized Si. 相似文献
59.
K.?MinouraEmail author F.?Imamura U.?Kuran T.?Nakamura G. A.?Papadopoulos D.?Sugawara T.?Takahashi A. C.?Yalciner 《Natural Hazards》2005,36(3):297-306
A tsunamigenic sediment layer has been discovered in fluvio-alluvial sequences on the northern coast of the Marmara Sea, northwestern
Turkey. The layer consists of unsorted silty coarse sand including terrestrial molluscs and charcoal fragments. The AMS radiometric
ages of the shells have been estimated at around BC 400, AD 300, AD 400, and AD 1000. We propose that a tsunami occurred in
the Marmara Sea in the middle of 11th century and invaded the fluvial plains. The older fossils were derived from the underlying
horizons, and it is probable that buoyant materials such as terrestrial molluscs and charcoals were isolated from liquefied
sediments during submarine sliding. Slope failure of coastal blocks triggered by fault movement generated tsunamis, which
might have transported floating materials to the backshore. 相似文献
60.
Ayaka Sakabe Ken Hamotani Yoshiko Kosugi Masahito Ueyama Kenshi Takahashi Akito Kanazawa Masayuki Itoh 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2012,109(1-2):39-49
Very few studies have conducted long-term observations of methane (CH4) flux over forest canopies. In this study, we continuously measured CH4 fluxes over an evergreen coniferous (Japanese cypress) forest canopy throughout 1?year, using a micrometeorological relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) system with tuneable diode laser spectroscopy (TDLS) detection. The Japanese cypress forest, which is a common forest type in warm-temperate Asian monsoon regions with a wet summer, switched seasonally between a sink and source of CH4 probably because of competition by methanogens and methanotrophs, which are both influenced by soil conditions (e.g., soil temperature and soil moisture). At hourly to daily timescales, the CH4 fluxes were sensitive to rainfall, probably because CH4 emission increased and/or absorption decreased during and after rainfall. The observed canopy-scale fluxes showed complex behaviours beyond those expected from previous plot-scale measurements and the CH4 fluxes changed from sink to source and vice versa. 相似文献