The phosphoric acid leak from the wreck of the MV Ece in the English Channel in 2006: Assessment with a ship of opportunity, an operational ecosystem model and historical data

This study evaluates the ship of opportunity (Ferrybox) concept for both sustained monitoring of UK shelf sea waters and numerical model validation. Release of phosphate from the wreck of a chemical tanker (MV Ece) in the western English Channel (49.73 degrees N, 3.25 degrees W) in March 2006 is used to demonstrate the importance of sustained observations in decision support systems and policy development. The Ferrybox system continuously collects sea surface (5m) data from a suite of autonomous electronic sensors installed on a passenger ferry operating year-round between Portsmouth (UK) and Bilbao (Spain). The detection of anomalously high concentrations of phosphate (1.54mmolm(-3), four times the usual level) and onset of phytoplankton growth close to the wreck site in March 2006 was placed in the context of multiple years of measurements (phosphate, nitrate, silicate and chlorophyll) collected from the Ferrybox system (2003-2006) and the long-term time series station E1 (50.03 degrees N, 4.65 degrees W, 1930-1987) in the English Channel. With regard to decision support, release of phosphate from the tanker is unlikely to pose a threat as phytoplankton growth at the end of winter is not unusual in this region and dissolved inorganic nitrogen rather than phosphate (DIN:DIP=10-18) is likely to ultimately limit algal growth in spring 2006. With regard to policy development, the Oslo and Paris (OSPAR) commissions recommendation of sampling every three years in "non-problem areas" is likely to provide statistically inadequate data, given the interannual and decadal variability identified in the Ferrybox and E1 data: the Ferrybox data show that oceanic winter nutrient concentrations varied by 35-50% between 2003/2004 and 2005/2006 due to deeper mixing of water off-shelf in early 2005/2006 and comparisons between the Ferrybox and E1 years show that the western English Channel is currently experiencing a low in phosphate concentrations similar to those in the 1960s. The importance of Ferrybox data in evaluating the reliability of predictive operational models needed in decision support is also demonstrated, by highlighting both strengths and weaknesses in a state-of-the-art ecosystem model designed for UK shelf waters.     

Identification, definition and quantification of goods and services provided by marine biodiversity: implications for the ecosystem approach

This paper identifies and defines ecosystem goods and services provided by marine biodiversity. Case studies have been used to provide an insight into the practical issues associated with the assessment of marine ecosystem goods and services at specific locations. The aim of this research was to validate the definitions of goods and services, and to identify knowledge gaps and likely difficulties of quantifying the goods and services. A validated theoretical framework for the assessment of goods and services is detailed, and examples of the goods and services at a variety of case study areas are documented. These results will enable future assessments of marine ecosystem goods and services. It is concluded that the utilisation of this goods and services approach has the capacity to play a fundamental role in the Ecosystem Approach, by enabling the pressures and demands of society, the economy and the environment to be integrated into environmental management.     

花岗岩热液蚀变发生在南非威特沃特斯兰德盆地沉积后的成因证据

与威特沃特斯兰德和芬特斯多普超群含金变沉积岩空间上共存的花岗岩热液蚀变是岩浆后期形成的还是后来热液活动的产物？为帮助解决这个争论，本文对两个典型的蚀变花岗岩中以及中兰德群（威特沃特斯兰德超群）含金的金伯利矿层和不整合上覆的芬特斯多普接触带中蚀变产物的碳同位素和流体包裹体成分进行了研究。蚀变花岗岩中热液碳结核的δ＾１３Ｃ（－２５．７‰￣－３６．０‰）和芬特斯多普接触带露头中结核状碳（小污斑）（－２０     

陆下和洋底脊橄榄岩单斜辉石中的Na.Al^IV和Al^VI：地幔中不同熔融…

把从大西洋洋中脊采集的无斜长石的尖晶石二辉橄缆岩和方辉橄缆岩中的单斜辉石的Ｎａ－Ａｌ＾ＩＶ和Ａｌ＾ＶＩ浓度与陆下和前大洋的无斜长石的尖晶石橄榄岩的数据进行了比较。单斜辉石的Ａｌ２Ｏ３含量在洋底橄缆岩组和陆下橄缆岩组中的同一范围内发生变化，从高铝至贫铝。然而，洋底橄缆岩中单斜辉石的Ｎａ含量（０．０２￣０．６ｗｔ％Ｎａ２Ｏ）和Ａｌ＾ＶＩ／Ａｌ＾ＩＶ比值（０．３￣１）都低于陆下橄缆岩单斜辉石的Ｎａ含量（