全球海洋变化研究(IMAGES)动态

IMAGES (International Marine Global Change Study)项目现在有24个成员国：澳大利亚、加拿大、丹麦、法国、德国、冰岛、印度、印度尼西亚、日本、墨西哥、荷兰、新西兰、挪威、葡萄牙、俄罗斯、南非、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、中国台湾、突尼斯、英国和美国。IMAGES办公室于去年迁往德国的Kiel大学，由Michael Sarnthein任办公室主任，Ann Holbourn任副主任，Stefan Rothe负责数据管理。 IMAGES的任务是利用海洋沉积记录研究几十年至几千年的气候变化机制和结果，并且计划和协调大洋钻探航次（取巨大沉积物岩心）以及资助学习班…     

美国外陆架区油气资源评价报告

美国外陆架区油气资源评价报告美国内务部矿物管理局在对该国滨外未勘探的原油和天然气气资源进行了数年研究、分析之后，于１９９６年６月发表了一题为“国家外陆架未勘探油气潜力评价”的报告，对美国外陆架的可开采油气资源作了鉴别和分析，并对过去１４年的两项全国性...     

印度东部沿岸克里希纳—戈达瓦里盆地的沉积地层和油气前景

克里希纳—戈达瓦里 (Ｋｒｉｓｈｎａ—Ｇｏｄａｖａｒｉ)盆地位于印度被动大陆边缘东部的中心地区。盆地的构造走向为ＮＥ—ＳＷ。上白垩统沉积岩露头标明了西北方向的盆地边缘 ,该地区毗邻ＮＷ—ＳＥ走向的布兰希达—戈达瓦里地堑。盆地含有巨厚的沉积层序 ,包括数个从晚白垩世到全新世的沉积旋回。自从晚白垩世以来发育了一个不断向海进积的面积广阔的巨厚泥质相三角洲 ,该三角洲是油气勘探的靶区。地磁和重力数据证实了盆地的上述地层构造 ,以后进行的多道地震测量也进一步证实了这一点。盆地被断层控制的山岭分成了若干个亚盆地 ,亚盆…     

海洋对白垩纪——第三纪碰撞的振荡反应

海洋对白垩纪—第三纪碰撞的振荡反应ＳｔｅｖｅｎＤ’Ｈｏｎｄｔ等白垩纪—第三纪（Ｋ—Ｔ）碰撞对海洋和气候产生的长期影响鲜为人知，过去的研究往往用相隔很远的样品来估计海洋一气候系统碰撞前后的平均状态，其研究结果并未提供什么证据来说明长期的物理变化起因于Ｋ...     

大洋在大西洋气候变化中的作用

冰期剧烈的气候变化与大西洋环流的变化有关。在过去 1 0ｋａ间 ,气候较为稳定 ,百年级波动相对温和。目前 ,全球年复一年的气候变化主要由太平洋厄尔尼诺—南方涛动所引起。太平洋的赤道宽度是大西洋的 3倍 ,但不致于影响全球气候 ;大西洋的影响范围虽小 ,然而却非常明显 ,尤其是在环流改变时 ,国际研究项目 (气候变化与可预见性 )将对大西洋气候变化机制和可预见性做深入的探讨。热带大西洋地区大气 海洋相互作用 ,在春季 (3— 5月 )引起巴西至加勒比海的南美东海岸、在秋季 (8— 9月 )引起非洲亚撒哈拉西部年际降雨量和时间的明显变化。…     

Correlative changes in metabolism and DNA damage in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) exposed to benzo[a]pyrene

Juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) were injected intraperitoneally with either corn oil or 5 mg/kg benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) dissolved in corn oil and sampled I and 3 days after injection. After 1 day, no elevation of 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity was observed, however bile metabolites (BaP-7,8 dihydrodiol representing 70% of the total metabolites) and a single hepatic DNA adduct spot (0.47 adducts/10(8) nucleotides) identified by 32P-postlabelling were formed. No BaP metabolites or DNA adducts were observed in either control or carrier control fish. Fish sampled after 3 days reported 5-fold higher (P < 0.05) levels of EROD activity, a shift in the bile metabolite profile towards BaP phenol formation (1OH and 30H BaP comprising up to 60% of total metabolites detected) and the formation of two adduct spots (0.86 and 0.71 adducts/10(8) nucleotides). These results show that BaP can be metabolised and form hydrophobic DNA adducts in turbot without EROD elevation. Following EROD elevation, a shift in the profile of both BaP metabolites and BaP metabolite-DNA interactions occurs indicative of other oxidative processes.     

中美洲古地理制约了上新世北冰洋软体动物的迁移

白令海峡首次张开和中美洲航道关闭是新生代晚期两个最重要的古地理和海洋事件。除了其区域生物地理效应外 ,这些事件改变了北太平洋和北大西洋航道的形态 ,对北半球大洋环流和气候产生了重要影响。白令海峡首次张开所产生的最引人注目的结果是软体动物在北太平洋、北冰洋和北大西洋之间的交流。这一事件被称为“横越北冰洋的交流” ,涉及２９５个软体动物种 ,其中源于太平洋的２６１个 ,源于大西洋—北冰洋的３４个。由于新第三纪晚期的这种交流 ,现今北冰洋软体动物的大部分源于北大西洋 ,尤其表现在北美北冰洋和西伯利亚东北部海岸 ,而大…     

旧照片显示澳大利亚珊瑚礁的破坏

旧照片显示澳大利亚珊瑚礁的破坏ＩａｎＡｎｄｅｒｓｏｎ澳大利亚大堡礁的许多部分正在以令人吃惊的速度消失。昆士兰州Ｔｏｗｎｓｖｉｌｌｅ的大堡礁海洋公园管理局的科学家把现代大堡礁的照片与早到１８９０年拍摄的照片进行了比较，为其发现深感震惊。“某种东西正在毁...     

Biogeochemical cycles of carbon, sulfur, and free oxygen in a microbial mat

Complete budgets for carbon and oxygen have been constructed for cyanobacterial mats dominated by Microcoleus chthonoplastes from the evaporating ponds of a salt works located in Guerrero Negro, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Included in the budget are measured rates of O2 production, sulfate reduction, and elemental exchange across the mat/brine interface, day and night, at various temperatures and times of the year. We infer from this data the various sinks for O2, as well as the sources of carbon for primary production. To summarize, although seasonal variability exists, a major percentage of the O2 produced during the day did not diffuse out of the mat but was used within the mat to oxidize both organic carbon and the sulfide produced by sulfate reduction. At night, most of the O2 that diffused into the mat was used to oxidize sulfide, with O2 respiration of minor importance. During the day, the internal mat processes of sulfate reduction and O2 respiration generated as much or more inorganic carbon (DIC) for primary production as diffusion into the mat. Also, oxygenic photosynthesis was the most important process of carbon fixation, although anoxygenic photosynthesis may have been important at low light levels during some times of the year. At night, the DIC lost from the mat was mostly from sulfate reduction. Elemental fluxes across the mat/brine interface indicated that carbon with an oxidation state of greater than zero was taken up by the mat during the day and liberated from the mat at night. Overall, carbon with an average oxidation state of near zero accumulated in the mat. Both carbon fixation and carbon oxidation rates varied with temperature by a similar amount. These mats are thus closely coupled systems where rapid rates of photosynthesis both require and fuel rapid rates of heterotrophic carbon oxidation.