Sub-lethal effects of metal exposure: physiological and behavioural responses of the estuarine bivalve Macoma balthica

Variation in glycogen concentration, condition index (CI) and filtration activity were measured in the bivalve Macoma balthica buried in sediment and experimentally exposed to cadmium (Cd). The stress due to elevated but sub-lethal concentrations (300 ppb Cd) affected the overall fitness of the organism as all parameters monitored responded significantly. Lower concentrations tested (10, 30 and 100 ppb) only induced a significant decrease in filtration activity, which may play a protective role, enabling the organism to slow down its metabolic activity and preserving the integrity of its reserves (reflected by stable CI and glycogen levels). Hence, the various endpoints selected show different thresholds. Our results also demonstrate that under high exposure, small individuals loose proportionally more glycogen per unit of weight than larger ones, thus confirming the higher sensitivity of small individuals to metal contamination. Furthermore, exposure to intermediate concentration (30 ppb) seems to be beneficial to the small individuals as indicated by their high CI values compared to the control. These results showed thus that non-sigmoidal concentration-response relationship and sizes of individuals should be considered in monitoring programmes and risk assessment.     

Release into the environment of metals by two vascular salt marsh plants

Metals in contaminated salt marshes are mainly locked in the anaerobic layer of sediments, where they are tightly bound as sulfides and organic complexes. Vascular plants survive in saturated soils in part by pumping O2 into their root zones, changing their microenvironment to an oxic one. This, along with chelating exudates, mobilizes metals, allowing uptake by the roots. We compared the common reed Phragmites australis and cordgrass Spartina alterniflora in lab and field studies for ways in which they handle trace metals. Both plants store most of their metal burden in their roots, but some is transported to aboveground tissues. Spartina leaves contain approximately 2-3 x more Cr, Pb, and Hg than Phragmites leaves, but equivalent Cu and Zn. Furthermore, Spartina leaves have salt glands, so leaf excretion of all metals is twice that of Phragmites. In-depth studies with Hg indicate that Hg excretion correlates with Na release but not with transpiration, which is 2.2 x higher in Phragmites; and that more Hg accumulates in early-appearing leaves than in upper (i.e. later) leaves in both species. Spartina thus makes more metals available to salt marsh ecosystems than Phragmites by direct excretion and via dead leaves which will enter the food web as detritus.     

Mach Effect of Oblique Nonlinear Irregular Waves Interacting with Vertical Walls

Based on Hong‘s theory, previous random models, and a generalized expression suitable for FIT calculation, the interaction between irregular waves and vertical walls is numerically simulated. The results of simulation demonstrate that the wave energy changes with the incidence angle and the distance from the wall. Particularly, the Mach effect and the combined wave spectrum characteristics are analyzed in detail, which are significant in both theory and practice.     

海洋复杂体系氧化还原状态的描述与确定及独立电对概念的提出

木文提出海水氧化还原体系状态的性质取决于其主要独立电对的氧化还原性质。并测定了某些海洋沉积物样品的Eh、pH、酸挥发性硫及其间隙水中氨等参数,以所得数据为例进行讨论、归纳和推理,得到了一些经验性的结论。图5,表3,参考文献13。     

非线性三维波波要素的计算方法

本文根据作者以前提出的重力表面波非线性相互作用理论解,系统地探讨非线性三维波波要素四阶近似理论关系式的计算方法,其中包括二维行进波和立波,也适用于斜向波与直墙相互作用(全反射和部分反射)。给出二种主要计算情况的计算方法,其中包括利用拟牛顿法求解非线性波要素方程组,卡尔丹法、迭代法和级数近似解析式,分析比较表明,本文提供的计算方法较为精确、有效,可应用于计算波浪及其与建筑物相互作用。     

一种推广的缓坡方程

从流体力学基本方程出发，假定水流的涡量和垂向流速分量小量，推导出考虑非均匀水流的推广的缓坡方程，该方程中包含了△h^2h项和（△hh)^2项。在方程中引入底摩擦项、风能输入项和非线性项，其中风能输入项的推导考虑了风浪与涌浪的区别，风流情况依据青岛海洋大学的风浪成长经验关系，涌浪情况依据Snyder等人的观测结果。经过上述推广后，得到综合考虑折射、绕射、反射、非均匀水流、底摩擦损耗、风能输入及波浪非线性的推广的缓坡方程。     

非线性不规则波概率模型——推广正态分布

本文提出一个非线性不规则波一维概率模型(包含五个参数)——称为推广“正态分布”,给出其参数的估计方法和同正态、Gram-Charlier 级数和 Edgeworth 级数的比较。统计分析和检验表明此分布比上述其它分布对偏态系数和峰态系数适用范围更大和配合风浪观测资料更好.文中还简要地给出多维模型.     

南海晚第四纪的硅藻遗体及其地质意义：V.沟纹藻属

硅藻门沟纹藻属在我国是１个新记录的属。核属最先由Ｋｏｌｂｅ（１９５４）在西太平洋赤道区（２°５２＇Ｓ，８９°５０＇Ｗ，水深３２２５ｍ）的柱状样沉积物中找到１种，订名Ｌ．ｐｅｔｔｅｒｓｓｏｎｉｉ。之后，又在１９５５年从大西洋（０°７＇Ｎ，１９°１２＇ｅ；０°８′Ｎ，１６°１９′Ｅ）和太平洋（６°４４′Ｎ，１２９°２８′Ｗ；２°５２′Ｓ，８９°５′Ｗ）的柱状样沉积物中找到另１种，订名Ｌ．ｈｕｓｔｅｄｔ     

东海沿岸水域夏季沉积物中甲藻孢囊数量分布初探

对１９９２年７－８月份东海区沿岸水域沉积物中甲藻孢囊数量分布作了较详细的分析和探讨。沉积物中甲藻孢囊数量变化在１．６－４７．１个／ｇ湿重。较高值分布在１８、１９、２０号三个站，即在浙南与闽北沿岸交界水域。文中还探讨了甲藻孢囊分布和环境因子的关系。     

海岸沉积物中微量金属的早期成岩作用行为用作指示过去生成环境的变化

沉积物中有机质在氧化降解作用时，结合态金属Ni、Cu和Cd被释放入孔隙水中和返回水柱中．海岸沉积物的最上部沉积物层的孔隙水中，溶解的Cu．Ni和Cd通常比底层水富集．在较深的缺氧沉积物中，溶解的金属含量一般较低．