Der petrogenetische Werdegang der Klinopyroxene in den tertiären Vulkaniten der Hocheifel I. Die Klinopyroxene der Alkaliolivinbasalt-Trachyt-Assoziation

Zusammenfassung Von über 150 Eraptionspunkten in der Hocheifel werden. 14 Gesteine als Verwtreter der Entwicklungsreihe. Alkaliolivinbasalt-Trachyt nach petrochemischen, optischen und aufbereitungstechnischen Gesichtspunkten ausgewählt und phasen mechanisch in ihre gesteinsbildenden Minerals zerlegt. Neben verschiedenen Klinopyroxenphasen, die sowohl die Klinopyroxeneingprenglinge als each die Grundmasseklinopyroxene enthalten, können fast ells assoziierten Minerals mitgewonnen und chemisch, optisch and röntgenographisch untersucht werden.Im Verlauf der Petrogenese zeigen die Klinopyroxene sine kontinuierliche Entwicklung vonCr- überTi-reiche Augite als Einsprenglinge zuNa-reichen oilerNa-Augiten in der Grundmasse, ohne daß aber Ägirinaugite oiler Ägirine in den sauersten Differentiaten erreicht werden. Neben intratellurischen und subeffusiven bis effusiven Stadien in der Mineralentwicklung, die rich mineralfaziell belegen lassen, tritt reliktisch mitNi-reichem Olivin, Cr-reichem Augit, Bronzit undCr-Spinell eine Mineralparagenese auf, die mit der der ultrabasitischen Xenolithe aus Alkalibasalten identisch ist and sich bis in die Mugearite in verschiedenen Überprägungszuständen nachweisen. läßt. lhr Vorhandensein wird genetisch auf ein initiates Hochdruck-Hochtemperatur- Stadium zurükgeführt, ilea die alkalibasaltische Schmelze am Anfang ibrer Entwicklung durchlanfen hat and dessen mögliche Ursachen mineralfaziell diskutiert werden.     

Seltene Mineralparagenesen in den Kalksteineinsehlüssen der Lava des Ettringer Bellerberges bei Mayen (Eifel)

Zusammenfassung Sechs metamorph veränderte Kalksteineinschlüsse aus verschiedenen Teilen der Lavaströme des Ettringer Bellerberges bei Mayen (Eifel) wurden optisch, chemisch und röntgenographisch untersucht. Sie setzen sich aus seltenen, z. T. erstmals in der Natur gefundenen Mineralen zusammen. Der Mineralbestand der Einschlüsse wird beschrieben. Er weicht von Probe zu Probe z. T. erheblich ab. Je nachdem in welchen Mineralen Fe und Al enthalten sind, lassen sich die Einschlüsse in 2 Gruppen einteilen: eine mit Brownmillerit, Mayenit, Larnit und eine 2. mit Wollastonit, Gehlenit, Magnetkies, Spinell.Am Aufbau aller Gesteine sind stets kristallwasserhaltige Minerale (Ettringet, Portlandit, Hydrocalumit) in z. T. ziemlich großen Mengen beteiligt. Diese Minerale kommen gelegentlich auch in Hohlräumen frei gewachsen vor.Eine völlig andere Zusammensetzung hat nur ein Teil aus dem Inneren eines Einschlusses. Er besteht nur aus Diopsid und Grossular.Soweit es die vorliegenden (noch nicht vollständigen) Untersuchungsergebnisse zulassen, werden mögliche Reaktionen, die zur Bildung dieser ungewöhnlichen Paragenese geführt haben könnten, diskutiert. Als Vergleich dienten nicht nur andere natürliche Kalkkontakte, sondern es wurden auch Erfahrungen der Zementforschung herangezogen.Die wasserfreien Minerale sind wahrscheinlich bei hohen Temperaturen und ziemlich niedrigen Drucken entstanden. Erst später; nachdem die Lava schon weitgehend abgekühlt war, können sich die kristallwasserhaltigen Minerale gebildet haben.Der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft danken wir für das Bereitstellen von Geräten.

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Six metamorphic altered limestone inclusions from different parts of the lava flows of the Ettringer Bellerberg near Mayen (Eifel, Germany) have been investigated by optical, chemical, and X-ray methods. They are composed of rare minerals, two of them have been found the first time naturally. The mineral composition of the inclusions is not uniform. They may be divided into two groups, one with brownmillerite, mayenite, larnite, and another one with wollastonite, gehlenite, pyrrhotite, spinel. A small (inner) part of one inclusion consists only of diopside and grossularite.In all rocks there are minerals containing crystallized water (ettringite, portlandite, and hydrocalumite), sometimes in large amounts. These minerals are found occasionally well developed in cavities.Possible modes of formation of this unusual paragenesis are discussed as far as it is permitted by the results of this investigation.

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Herrn Prof. Dr.Carl W. Correns zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Variations in the Number of Intestinal Loops in Scaphopoda (Mollusca)

Abstract. The intestinal loops of two species of the genus Bathoxiphus (Entalinidae) and of Cadulus aberrans (Gadilidae) have been reconstructed from serial sections. The results are compared to the 'textbook scaphopod' Antalis dentalis having the hindgut coiled in three loops. Bathoxiphus ensiculus has four or five intestinal loops, B. sp. S 153 four, and C. aberrans two. The buccal pouch contents included Foraminifera in all species, with agglomerates of sediment being found only in Bathoxiphus and Antalis. The mean ratio of intestinal length to body length ranges from 1.05 in B. ensiculus , over 0.98 in the four-looped B. sp. S 153, to 0.7 in A. dentalis and 0.6 in the twice-looped C. aberrans. The correlation of intestinal length with diet—additional deposit-feeding in Bathoxiphus and highly specialized 'carnivory' in C. aberrans —is probable. Despite the differences in feeding ecology, the elongated hindgut of both deep-sea species of Bathoxiphus resembles the adaptations of some bivalves to poorly nutritious deep-sea sediments.     

Spring distribution of dissolved organic matter in a system encompassing the Northeast Water Polynya: Implications for early-season sources and sinks

This study addresses sources and diagenetic state of early-season dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the Northeast Water Polynya (NEWP) area northeast of Greenland from distributions of humic substance fluorescence (HSfl), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in the water column inside and outside the NEWP area. The water masses of the polynya area had acquired their spring/summer temperature–salinity characteristics at the time of sampling, and also had individual, different DOM signatures. DOC concentrations were variable within and among water masses in the polynya area, indicating patchy local sources and sinks of DOC. PySW and polynya intermediate water (PyIW) had higher average DON concentrations and average lower C:N ratios than polynya bottom water (PyBW), indicating a larger fraction of fresh DOM in PySW and PyIW than in PyBW. Ice-covered, polynya area surface waters (PySW) had higher DOC concentrations (113±14 μM, n=68) than surface water (SW) outside the polynya area (96±18 μM, n=6). The DOM C:N ratios in a low-salinity, ice-melt subgroup of PySW samples indicate labile material, and these low-salinity surface waters appeared to have a local DOC and DON source. In contrast, HSfl was significantly lower inside than outside the NEWP area. Despite the lower HSfl values within the NEWP area, the PySW values were high when compared to open-ocean water. There were no local terrestrial sources for HSfl to the NEWP area and the East Greenland Current is therefore proposed as a likely source of allochtonous HSfl. When HSfl was used as a conservative tracer, up to 70% of the water in PySW and PyIW was found to be derived from SW, which contains a high fraction of water from the East Greenland Current. Similarly, a mixing model based on HSfl indicated that 80% of early-season DOC and 90–100% of early-season DON in PySW and PyIW were derived from SW, indicating a potentially high fraction of terrestrially-derived, relatively refractory DOM in the early-season NEWP area.     

In situ hydrocarbon concentrations from pressurized cores in surface sediments, Northern Gulf of Mexico

Two newly developed coring devices, the Multi-Autoclave-Corer and the Dynamic Autoclave Piston Corer were deployed in shallow gas hydrate-bearing sediments in the northern Gulf of Mexico during research cruise SO174 (Oct–Nov 2003). For the first time, they enable the retrieval of near-surface sediment cores under ambient pressure. This enables the determination of in situ methane concentrations and amounts of gas hydrate in sediment depths where bottom water temperature and pressure changes most strongly influence gas/hydrate relationships. At seep sites of GC185 (Bush Hill) and the newly discovered sites at GC415, we determined the volume of low-weight hydrocarbons (C₁ through C₅) from nine pressurized cores via controlled degassing. The resulting in situ methane concentrations vary by two orders of magnitudes between 0.031 and 0.985 mol kg^− 1 pore water below the zone of sulfate depletion. This includes dissolved, free, and hydrate-bound CH₄. Combined with results from conventional cores, this establishes a variability of methane concentrations in close proximity to seep sites of five orders of magnitude. In total four out of nine pressure cores had CH₄ concentrations above equilibrium with gas hydrates. Two of them contain gas hydrate volumes of 15% (GC185) and 18% (GC415) of pore space. The measurements prove that the highest methane concentrations are not necessarily related to the highest advection rates. Brine advection inhibits gas hydrate stability a few centimeters below the sediment surface at the depth of anaerobic oxidation of methane and thus inhibits the storage of enhanced methane volumes. Here, computerized tomography (CT) of the pressure cores detected small amounts of free gas. This finding has major implications for methane distribution, possible consumption, and escape into the bottom water in fluid flow systems related to halokinesis.     

Physical properties of a porcellanite layer (Southwest Indian Ridge) constrained by geophysical logging

A distinct porcellanite layer from the Southwest Indian Ridge intercalated in Pleistocene diatom ooze was studied using nondestructive physical property measurements and sedimentological data. This bed was sampled by two piston cores at a water depth of 2615 m. The 3–5 cm thick porcellanite layer appears in the cores at a depth of 6.03 m (Core PS2089-2) and 7.73 m (Core PS2089-1) below the seafloor. Due to its characteristic physical properties the porcellanite bed can be detected with core measurements, and its distribution and lateral extent mapped with echosounding. The physical index properties, wet bulk density and electrical resistivity, increase significantly across this bed. Magnetic susceptibility is used to compare the lithological units of both cores and to distinguish whether resistivity anomalies are caused by a higher amount of terrigenous components or by the presence of porcellanite. The porcellanite has the special characteristic to affect a positive anomaly in resistivity but not in susceptibility. Most marine sediments, in contrast, show a positive correlation of magnetic susceptibility versus electrical resistivity; therefore a combination of electrical resistivity and magnetic susceptibility logs yields a definite detection of the porcellanite bed. Images from the X-ray CT survey indicate that the porcellanite is lithified and brittle and fragmented when the piston corer penetrated the bed.     

Low-temperature coherent exsolution in alkali feldspars from high-grade metamorphic rocks of Sri Lanka

In the alkali feldspars of the amphibolite- and granulite-facies rocks of Sri Lanka, a late-stage, final exsolution event is observed which produced film lamellae and fine-scale spindles. These were investigated by optical, microprobe, single-crystal, transmission electron microscopy and atomic resolution microscopy techniques. The lamellae and spindles exsolved below the coherent solvus at temperatures as low as 300 to 350° C. Precession photographs and ARM micrographs show that the intergrowth is perfectly coherent. In sections (010) the rhombic section of the Pericline twins corresponds to analbite or high albite. The albite lamellae and spindles nucleated and grew at low temperatures in a metastable disordered structural state within a tweed-orthoclase matrix and became periodically twinned analbite or high albite, which subsequently developed only a slight increase in Al, Si order. The relationship between twin periodicity and lamellar width, predicted for coherent intergrowths by Willaime and Gandais (1972), is obeyed. In Or-rich grains, in which coherent exsolution is the only exsolution event, the film lamellae tend to be restricted to the rim, the fine-scale spindles to the centre of the grains. The films nucleated heterogeneously at grain boundaries and grew towards the grain centres. Fine-scale spindles probably nucleated homogeneously in the interior part of grains. Heterogeneous nucleation and coherent growth are not mutually exclusive.     

Retrograde formation of NaCl-scapolite in high pressure metaevaporites from the Cordilleras Béticas (Spain)

A Permo-Triassic pelite-carbonate rock series (with interacalated metabasitic rocks) in the Cordilleras Béticas, Spain, was metamorphosed during the Alpine metamorphism at high pressures (P _min near 18 kbar). The rocks show well preserved sedimentary features of evaporites such as pseudomorphs of talc, of kyanite-phengitetalc-biotite, and of quartz after sulfate minerals, and relicts of baryte, anhydrite, NaCl, and KCl, indicating a salt-clay mixture of illite, chlorite, talc, and halite as the original rock. The evaporitic metapelites have a whole rock composition characterized by high Mg/(Mg+Ca) ratios>0.7, variable alkaline and Sr, Ba, contents, but are mostly K₂O rich (<8.8 wt%). The F (<2600 ppm), Cl (<3600 ppm), and P₂O₅ (<0.24 wt%) contents are also high. The pelitic member of this series is a fine grained biotite rock. Kyanite-phengite-talc-biotite aggregates in pseudomorphs developed in the high pressure stage. Albite-rich plagioclase was formed when the rocks crossed the albite stability curve in the early stages of the uplift. Scapolite, rich in NaCl (Ca/(Ca+Na) mol% 24–40) and poor in SO₄, with Cl/(Cl+CO₃) ratios between 0.6 and 0.8, formed as porphyroblasts, sometimes replacing up to 60% of the rock in a late stage of metamorphism (between 10 and 5 kbar, near 600°C). No reaction with albite is observed, and the scapolite formed from biotite by: $$\begin{gathered} Al - biotite + CaCO_3 + NaCl + SiO_2 \hfill \\ = Al - poor biotite + scapolite + MgCO_3 + KCl \hfill \\ + MgCl_2 + H_2 O \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$ Calculated fluid composition in equilibrium with scapolite indicates varying salt concentrations in the fluid. Distribution of Cl and F in biotite and apatite also indicates varying fluid compositions.     

A modified profile method for determining the vertical fluxes of NO,NO2, ozone,and HNO3 in the atmospheric surface layer

A modified profile method for determining the vertical deposition (or/and exhalation) fluxes of NO, NO₂, ozone, and HNO₃ in the atmospheric surface layer is presented. This method is based on the generally accepted micrometeorological ideas of the transfer of momentum, sensible heat and matter near the Earth's surface and the chemical reactions among these trace gases. The analysis (aerodynamic profile method) includes a detailed determination of the micrometeorological quantities (such as the friction velocity, the fluxes of sensible and latent heat, the roughness length and the zero plane displacement), and of the height-invariant fluxes of the composed chemically conservative trace gases with group concentrations c ₁=[NO]+[NO₂]+[HNO₃], c ₂=[NO₂]+[O₃]+3/2·[HNO₃], and c ₃=[NO]–[O₃]–1/2·[HNO₃]. The fluxes of the individual species are finally determined by the numerical solution of a system of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations for the concentrations of ozone and HNO₃ (decoding method). The parameterization of the fluxes is based on the flux-gradient relationships in the turbulent region of the atmospheric surface layer. The model requires only the vertical profile data of wind velocity, temperature and humidity and concentrations of NO, NO₂, ozone, and HNO₃.The method has been applied to vertical profile data obtained at Jülich (September 1984) and collected in the BIATEX joint field experiment LOVENOX (Halvergate, U.K., September 1989).