Testing the utility of structure‐from‐motion photogrammetry reconstructions using small unmanned aerial vehicles and ground photography to estimate the extent of upland soil erosion

Quantifying the extent of soil erosion at a fine spatial resolution can be time consuming and costly; however, proximal remote sensing approaches to collect topographic data present an emerging alternative for quantifying soil volumes lost via erosion. Herein we compare terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), and both unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and ground photography (GP) structure‐from‐motion (SfM) derived topography. We compare the cost‐effectiveness and accuracy of both SfM techniques to TLS for erosion gully surveying in upland landscapes, treating TLS as a benchmark. Further, we quantify volumetric soil loss estimates from upland gullies using digital surface models derived by each technique and subtracted from an interpolated pre‐erosion surface. Soil loss estimates from UAV and GP SfM reconstructions were comparable to those from TLS, whereby the slopes of the relationship between all three techniques were not significantly different from 1:1 line. Only for the TLS to GP comparison was the intercept significantly different from zero, showing that GP is more capable of measuring the volumes of very small erosion features. In terms of cost‐effectiveness in data collection and processing time, both UAV and GP were comparable with the TLS on a per‐site basis (13.4 and 8.2 person‐hours versus 13.4 for TLS); however, GP was less suitable for surveying larger areas (127 person‐hours per ha^?1 versus 4.5 for UAV and 3.9 for TLS). Annual repeat surveys using GP were capable of detecting mean vertical erosion change on peaty soils. These first published estimates of whole gully erosion rates (0.077 m a^?1) suggest that combined erosion rates on gully floors and walls are around three times the value of previous estimates, which largely characterize wind and rainsplash erosion of gully walls. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Factors controlling CaCO3 dissolution in the Weddell Sea from foraminiferal distribution patterns

Surface samples of sediment cores from the Weddell Sea contain foraminiferal assemblages which are distinctly divided into calcareous or arenaceous populations and reflect CaCO₃ dissolution in some regions. Water depth apparently is only partly responsible for this CaCO₃ dissolution, the present CCD varying from 250 m to greater than 3700 m. Other factors such as water-mass properties, biological producitivity and sedimentation, all of which are controlled by the glacial regime of a region, are of major importance.Perennial sea-ice formation over the southwestern continental shelf causes a deficiency in surface productivity, limits air—sea interaction and produces cold, Saline Shelf Water which is apparently undersaturated with respect to CaCO₃. In the eastern Weddell Sea, less severe glacial conditions appear to favor CaCO₃ preservation on the continental shelf. In this area the CCD coincides approximately with major water-mass boundaries varying from over 700 m to approximately 500 m.The deepest and most widespread occurrence of calcareous foraminiferal assemblages coincides with the present region of Antarctic Bottom Water production in the Weddell Sea. Here the CCD is depressed from approximately 1500 m to over 3700 m from east to west along the outer edge of the slope and reflects intensification of mixing and subsequent increased biological productivity in that direction.     

基于物联网的近海岸水质监测平台方案设计

近年来,海洋生态环境保护逐渐受到社会的重视,海洋环境监测活动与研究开展得越来越频繁。其中,水质监测是重点研究的内容之一,而水质在线监测方式可解决传统人工定点釆样监测时效性不足的问题。本文基于物联网（Internet of Things, IoT）技术,设计了一种实用的近海岸水质在线监测方案。该方案整合了具有通信距离远、抗干扰能力强的LoRa(Long Range Radio)无线通信技术、传感器技术、Web技术以及微信小程序技术,可实现近海岸水质监测数据的实时采集、处理、传输、存储、共享、展示、管理和控制,满足近海岸水质监测、渔业养殖监测和海洋牧场监测等多种近海固定点监测应用的需求。此外,本文还对设计的方案进行了原型系统实现与系统测试,结果表明设计方案可支持以无线方式对近海岸区域水质的智能化和长期性远程监测,有效改善了现有近海在线系统存在的监测距离较近、成本高、布设不够灵活和抗干扰性较差等不足。     

GSCORS不稳定站坐标时间序列分析

本文对114个GSCORS坐标时间序列予以分析,发现93％以上的GSCORS位置稳定,序列变化平稳.个别基准站位置不稳定,造成基准站不稳定的因素多种多样,其中基准站周边地质松软、地基不稳为主要因素,导致测站大幅沉降、倾斜.科学、精准地分析不稳定基准坐标时间序列对维护省级参考框架的稳定具有重要指导作用.     

内蒙古赤峰南窝铺铀矿床英安岩的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及地质意义

南窝铺铀矿床位于西拉木伦缝合带以南、康宝—围场—赤峰断裂带(华北北缘断裂带的一部分)以北的白乃庙加里东期岛弧带和华北古板块北缘海西期俯冲—碰撞带,属沽源—红山子铀成矿带北东段红山子—广兴铀成矿亚带的一个铀矿床,铀矿体赋存在额里图组安山岩—英安岩—流纹岩组合中.该组合中的英安岩SHRIMP锆石n(206Pb)/n(238...     

巢湖表层沉积物中多溴联苯醚的分布和污染源解析

在巢湖不同区域采集了16个表层沉积物样品,利用气相色谱-质谱仪测定沉积物中低溴代多溴联苯醚(LPBDEs)和BDE209的含量,并对其残留、组成、空间分布和污染来源进行分析.结果表明,巢湖沉积物中共计检测到9种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)化合物.∑LPBDEs的含量为0.001~2.75 ng/g,平均值为1.15 ng/g,平均检测率为44.83%;BDE209的含量为1.16~5.49 ng/g,平均值为2.83 ng/g,检测率为100%.与国内其他区域相比,巢湖沉积物中PBDEs含量总体处于中等水平.巢湖沉积物中各类LPBDEs和BDE209同系物含量为:西半湖东半湖湖心.巢湖沉积物中PBDEs以BDE209为主要成分,不同采样点PBDEs同系物的组成不同.相关性分析表明BDE209与LPBDEs在环境中的迁移存在相关性.     

三十年来长江中下游湖泊富营养化状况变迁及其影响因素

为弄清长江中下游通江/历史通江湖泊富营养化现状、成因及修复策略,对该区域27个大型湖泊和水库开展了4个季度的水质调查,并结合部分湖泊1988-1992年及2008年两个时段富营养化调查成果,分析近30年来长江中下游地区大型湖泊富营养化关键指标变化的特征及其驱动因素.结果表明,目前该区域绝大多数湖泊处于富营养水平,较1980s有明显加重,浮游植物叶绿素a及总磷是最主要的营养状态指数贡献因子;湖泊的富营养化状况与湖泊的江湖连通状况、换水周期等流动性状况、渔业养殖及管理、流域纳污、治理强度等人类活动方式和强度密切相关;与历史调查结果相比,氮、磷的增幅相对较小,而有机质污染程度明显加重、浮游植物叶绿素a浓度大幅增高,表明营养盐之外的其他因素,如水文节律的变化、江湖阻隔、不合理的渔业养殖活动等,对该区域湖泊的富营养化问题加剧、浮游植物生产力增高起到更为重要的作用.因此,从治理途径和策略上来看,增加湖泊的流通性、恢复部分湖泊的自然水文波动节律、优化湖泊渔业管理、提升湖泊流域营养盐的有效截留能力、实施湖泊生态修复工程是控制长江中下游湖泊富营养化、提升区域湖泊生态质量的关键.     

2002-2017年千岛湖浮游植物群落结构变化及其影响因素

为认识大型水库中浮游植物群落结构的演替特征及其驱动机制,以钱塘江流域新安江水库（下称"千岛湖"）为例,基于2002-2017年16年的水库浮游植物数据,结合同期千岛湖水质与水文气象资料,分析了千岛湖浮游植物结构及优势属的长期变化特征,探讨了影响浮游植物群落结构变化的主要因素.结果表明：2002-2017年千岛湖共鉴定出浮游植物7门93属,主要由硅藻门、绿藻门、蓝藻门及隐藻门种类组成.16年间,浮游植物年均丰度和群落结构经历了4个阶段：2008年前丰度持续低值且蓝藻不是主要类群,2009-2012年丰度较高且蓝藻成为主要类群,及2013-2015丰度降低且蓝藻占比降低,2016-2017年丰度增加且蓝藻再次成为主要类群.浮游植物门类变化的同时伴随着优势属的变化：浮游植物年优势属从2002-2008年的小环藻属（Cyclotella）、隐藻属（Cryptomonas）和蓝隐藻属（Chroomonas）转变为2009-2012年的颤藻属（Oscillatoria）、小球藻属（Chlorella）、小环藻属和蓝隐藻属,2013-2017年又转变为鱼腥藻属（Anabaena）、束丝藻属（Aphanizomenon）、小环藻属、针杆藻属（Synedra）、直链藻属（Melosira）、栅藻属（Scenedesmus）和蓝隐藻属.冗余分析表明,气温、风速、水位、入库流量等气象水文因子和总氮浓度、电导率、氮磷比、透明度等水质因子与浮游植物群落结构变化关系密切.研究结果表明,在千岛湖这种大型贫-中营养水库,浮游植物群落结构不仅受来水营养盐负荷的影响,还在很大程度上受水文、气象条件的影响,给水库藻类水华等生态风险的预测以及水库水质管理带来了挑战.     

甘南玛曲沼泽湿地土壤微生物量、理化因子与土壤酶活的关系

对甘南玛曲沼泽湿地6个样地的微生物量与土壤酶活性及其土壤理化性质之间的关系进行了研究.结果表明:纤维素酶活性在冬季达到高峰,其余5种土壤酶活性分别在春季和秋季达到高峰;硝化细菌数量与过氧化氢酶、纤维素酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶有较显著的负相关关系;微生物量与酶活性之间存在极显著相关关系,其中微生物量因子中的放线菌、氨化细菌、硝化细菌和土壤酶活性因子中的酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、中性磷酸酶是引起相关性的主要因素;酸性磷酸酶活性与土壤含水率、pH值、硝态氮含量、氨态氮含量都有密切的关系,过氧化氢酶活性可以通过有机质的含量来反映,脲酶活性可以通过土壤的含水率来反映,碱性磷酸酶活性可以通过电导率来反映.     

Effects of sediment deposition on the New Zealand cockle,Austrovenus stutchburyi

New Zealand estuaries and harbours are subjected to increasing sediment deposition that can smother and bury infaunal communities, yet how coastal species respond to sediment deposition is not well understood. Here, we experimentally examined the effects of native marine sediment deposition on the NZ cockle (Austrovenus stutchburyi). Cockles were found to be highly mobile and capable burrowers, able to resurface within days from beneath 2–25?cm of sediment where no physical disturbance to their natural orientation occurred. Cockles were also resilient to daily (2?cm) reburials. However, following disturbance to their natural orientation, inverted cockles were significantly impeded when buried under 5–10?cm of sediment, with fewer adults resurfacing than sub-adults. Cockle populations are likely to be resilient to native sediment deposition, unless physically disturbed. When disturbed from their natural orientation in the sediment, higher mortality of larger adult-sized cockles would be predicted, with mortality increasing under thicker sediment deposits.