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601.
Using the basic Boussinesq's equation, the expression for the vertical stress distribution (σz) underneath any point on the ground surface due to a general triangular loaded region in a preferred orientation with a linearly varied loading has been successfully derived. When the triangle is not in a preferred orientation, a simple axis transformation is required and the expression will be equally applicable. Based on this expression, σz due to an arbitrarily shaped loaded foundation can simply be determined by first triangulating the loaded area and summing up the contributions from each generated triangular region. The procedures for triangulating and calculating the stress distribution can be simply automated through computer programs. 相似文献
602.
High nitrate contents (up to 200 mgl) have been observed in wells drilled into fractured aquifers lying beneath layers of weathered and decayed rock in the humid tropics where annual rainfall is over 1000 mm and where there is no notable pollution. The source of the nitrates is linked mainly with localized deforestation by man. 相似文献
603.
An inescapable consequence of the metamorphism of greenstone belt sequences is the release of a large volume of metamorphic fluid of low salinity with chemical characteristics controlled by the mineral assemblages involved in the devolatilization reactions. For mafic and ultramafic sequences, the composition of fluids released at upper greenschist to lower amphibolite facies conditions for the necessary relatively hot geotherm corresponds to those inferred for greenstone gold deposits (XCO2= 0.2–0.3). This result follows from the calculation of mineral equilibria in the model system CaO–MgO–FeO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–CO2, using a new, expanded, internally consistent dataset. Greenstone metamorphism cannot have involved much crustal over-thickening, because very shallow levels of greenstone belts are preserved. Such orogeny can be accounted for if compressive deformation of the crust is accompanied by thinning of the mantle lithosphere. In this case, the observed metamorphism, which was contemporaneous with deformation, is of the low-P high-T type. For this type of metamorphism, the metamorphic peak should have occurred earlier at deeper levels in the crust; i.e. the piezothermal array should be of the ‘deeper-earlier’type. However, at shallow crustal levels, the piezothermal array is likely to have been of ‘deeper-later’type, as a consequence of erosion. Thus, while the lower crust reached maximum temperatures, and partially melted to produce the observed granites, mid-crustal levels were releasing fluids prograde into shallow crustal levels that were already retrograde. We propose that these fluids are responsible for the gold mineralization. Thus, the contemporaneity of igneous activity and gold mineralization is a natural consequence of the thermal evolution, and does not mean that the mineralization has to be a consequence of igneous processes. Upward migration of metamorphic fluid, via appropriate structurally controlled pathways, will bring the fluid into contact with mineral assemblages that have equilibrated with a fluid with significantly lower XCO2. These assemblages are therefore grossly out of equilibrium with the fluid. In the case of infiltrated metabasic rocks, intense carbonation and sulphidation is predicted. If, as seems reasonable, gold is mobilized by the fluid generated by devolatilization, then the combination of processes proposed, most of which are an inevitable consequence of the metamorphism, leads to the formation of greenstone gold deposits predominantly from metamorphic fluids. 相似文献
604.
This study examines the depletion of ferromagnesian silicate minerals from a sequence of thin, distal, mainly rhyolitic tephra layers of Holocene age preserved in an acid peat bog (Kopouatai), North Island, New Zealand. The rate of such depletion has been fast, as indicated by the complete loss of biotite from one tephra layer (Kaharoa Tephra), in which it is normally dominant, in only ca. 770 yr. Chemical dissolution is advocated as the likely cause for the depletion, with amphiboles and other mineral grains commonly showing etch pits, microcaves, and other characteristic surface solution features. Theoretical thermodynamic and kinetic models show a marked increase in the rate of dissolution of all ferromagnesian minerals under conditions of low pH (< 4), but that where silica concentrations in solution are high the relative proportions of minerals remaining are unaffected. However, where concentrations of dissolved silica are low, as in most bog environments, the relative proportions of ferromagnesian minerals are affected as well as absolute amounts being decreased. Amphiboles are depleted relative to pyroxenes, consistent with kinetic studies. The results show that the identification and correlation of tephras on the basis of relative abundances of ferromagnesian minerals alone may be unreliable, and emphasise the need to use multiple criteria in such studies. 相似文献
605.
F. Molenkamp 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》1991,15(3):147-168
To increase the insight into the phenomenon of liquefaction a theoretical study has been performed of material instability for undrained behaviour. Material instability concerns the instability of an equilibrium state of an infinite homogeneous solid for both uniform deformation and shear-band generation. In this paper shear-band generation is considered. In a companion paper the case of uniform deformation is elaborated and combined with the current results. In this paper it is shown that, for a contractant material, shear-band generation is accelerated by decreasing the drainage. 相似文献
606.
V.V. Orlov A.V. Petrova V.G. Tarantaev 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,325(1):133-137
The intrinsic, three-dimensional shapes of small galaxy groups, containing between three and eight members, are evaluated using three different statistics: (i) the mean sum of square sines of angles in all possible triangles formed by members of the group; (ii) the variance of square paired separations in the group; (iii) the axial ratio of a rectangle containing the group. The mean values of these parameters and their rms deviations are calculated for observed galaxy groups and simulated groups with members that are distributed randomly within prolate or oblate spheroids. Comparison of observational data and simulations shows that the observed galaxy groups have shapes consistent with the projected shapes of prolate or oblate spheroids with axial ratios of 3:1, regardless of their multiplicity, but inconsistent with the projected shapes of spherical objects. 相似文献
607.
The axisymmetric elastic response of circular footings and anchor plates in a linearly non-homogeneous elastic soil is analysed. It is assumed that footings/anchors are flexible and subjected to axisymmetric vertical loads. The response of the footing/anchor is modelled by using the classical Poisson–Kirchhoff thin plate theory. A variational technique is used to analyse the interaction problem. A representation for the contact stress is established by using a fundamental solution corresponding to a unit vertical pressure acting over an annular region in the interior of the non-homogeneous soil. The fundamental solution can be derived by using rigorous analytical procedures. The influence of the footing flexibility and the degree of soil non-homogeneity on the displacements, bending moments and contact stresses of a surface footing is examined over a wide range of governing parameters. In the case of anchor plates the influence of depth of embedment, degree of soil non-homogeneity and anchor flexibility on the anchor displacement is investigated. 相似文献
608.
609.
I.A. Bond F. Abe R.J. Dodd J.B. Hearnshaw M. Honda J. Jugaku P.M. Kilmartin A. Marles K. Masuda Y. Matsubara Y. Muraki T. Nakamura G. Nankivell S. Noda C. Noguchi K. Ohnishi N.J. Rattenbury M. Reid To. Saito H. Sato M. Sekiguchi J. Skuljan D.J. Sullivan T. Sumi M. Takeuti Y. Watase S. Wilkinson R. Yamada T. Yanagisawa P.C.M. Yock 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,327(3):868-880
We describe observations carried out by the MOA group of the Galactic bulge during 2000 that were designed to detect efficiently gravitational microlensing of faint stars in which the magnification is high and/or of short duration. These events are particularly useful for studies of extrasolar planets and faint stars. Approximately 17 deg2 were monitored at a sampling rate of up to six times per night. The images were analysed in real time using a difference imaging technique. 20 microlensing candidates were detected, of which eight were alerted to the microlensing community whilst in progress. Approximately half of the candidates had high magnifications (≳10), at least one had very high magnification (≳50), and one exhibited a clear parallax effect. The details of these events are reported here, together with details of the on-line difference imaging technique. Some nova-like events were also observed and these are described, together with one asteroid. 相似文献
610.
M.R. Burleigh J.P. Pye S.W. Poulton K.B. Sohl P.J. Wheatley G.A. Wynn 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,325(4):1458-1462
During re-processing and analysis of the entire ROSAT Wide Field Camera (WFC) pointed observations data base, we discovered a serendipitous, off-axis detection of the cataclysmic variable SW UMa at the onset of its 1997 October superoutburst. Although long outbursts in this SU UMa-type system are known to occur every ∼ 450 d, none had ever been previously observed in the extreme ultra-violet (EUV) by ROSAT . The WFC observations began just ≈13 hr after the optical rise was detected. With a peak count rate of ∼ 4.5 count s−1 in the S1 filter, SW UMa was temporarily the third brightest object in the sky in this waveband. Over the next ≈19 hr the measured EUV flux dropped to < 2 count s−1 , while the optical brightness remained essentially static at m v ∼11 . Similar behaviour has also been recently reported in the EUV light curve of the related SU UMa-type binary OY Car during superoutburst, as reported by Mauche & Raymond. In contrast, U Gem-type dwarf novae show no such early EUV dip during normal outbursts. Therefore, this feature may be common in superoutbursts of SU UMa-like systems. We expand on ideas first put forward by Osaki and Mauche & Raymond and offer an explanation for this behaviour by examining the interplay between the thermal and tidal instabilities that affect the accretion discs in these systems. 相似文献