印度西大陆边缘富含气体沉积物及气体水合物层的检测

在印度西大陆边缘外的高分辨率地震反射和浅层剖面都揭示了在内陆架上有空白反射、反射波终断与渗流相伴生的形式出现的声学屏蔽特征的存在。这些屏蔽现象揭示了富含气体沉积物的存在。在外陆架-中陆坡地区，那些麻坑地形及上覆水体中突出的羽状流都清楚地表明有气体从陆坡沉积物中渗流出来，而正是这种渗流反映了源岩的存在。地震剖面也揭示了中-下陆-陆隆地区存在着似海底反射波（BSR），同时推测认为存在着气体水合物。BSR大约出现在海底之下300-600ms(TWTT)、水深525-2200m的范围内，它们偶然地呈不连续特征。在BSR之上同样也可以见到清楚的反射空白区及声学空白带。相反，杂乱/或散射的双曲线反射波则出现在BSR之下，这可能是富含气体沉积物存在的一种反映。褶皱、底辟构造及断层均存于陆坡-陆隆区，它们可能成为流体及甲烷气体从深部向上运移的通道及圈闭。     

Stress-induced apoptosis in sea urchin embryogenesis

We find that early sea urchin embryos have the capability to induce programmed cell death, or apoptosis, in response to chemical and physical stress. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embryos (fertilized, 4 cell, 16 cell, 64 cell, and early blastula) were exposed to known cytotoxins, in order to determine when apoptosis occurs naturally and in response to stress. Using cell permeability as an indicator of early stage apoptosis, caspase activation as a mid-stage indicator, and DNA fragmentation as a late stage indicator, we find that during the cleavage stage of embryogenesis apoptosis is almost completely absent. However, a statistically significant (p<0.001) rise in apoptosis in stressed embryos is evident around 24 h after fertilization, during the early blastula stage and shortly after hatching. Before this stage, exposed embryos show no statistically significant increases in apoptosis in comparison to the controls. This pattern of apoptosis in development is similar to that seen in lower vertebrate models in which stress-induced apoptosis occurs only around the mid-blastula transition. We conclude that apoptosis may be used to rid embryos of aberrant or damaged cells in early development, but this response is stage-dependant. Repair, rather than apoptosis, may be utilized during earlier stages, or alternatively, embryos exposed to such stressors may continue development with damaged cells and perhaps damaged DNA. Our continued studies will focus on these alternative hypotheses.     

Preliminary studies On the colonial form of Cylindrotheca sp. （Bacillariophyceae）

From a stock culture of Cylindrotheca sp., non-motile colony-forming cells were observed and isolated.Colony-forming cells produced both single cells and colony-forming cells in liquid medla.the rate of single cell production varied among clones.     

第23章 DNS模式:一种为大洋波浪预报而改进的谱模式

23.1 介绍 模拟与频率和方向相关的大洋波谱F（f,θ）的工作是极其困难的。唯一有点统一的理论（Hasselmann,1967）也还没有简化成一种实用形式。这篇研究中所探讨的是结合零散的,现有的理论,以达到这样一种目的:即发展一种与我们目前对风浪成长谱的了解相一致 ·95.的波谱模式。本章中我们将讨论一种离散的谱模式,这种模式采用了一种改进的能量传播的特征方法。数值方法最早是由Barnett等（1969）提出的。     

几株原甲藻核糖体大亚基RNA基因的部分克隆及序列分析

对7株赤潮原甲藻28S rDNA 5'端部分序列进行扩增、克隆和序列测定,并从GeneBank上获取14个原甲藻28S rDNA序列,用NJ法和ME法构建了原甲藻属的系统树,并对序列进行分析.结果表明,7株原甲藻28S rDNA扩增序列长度为950~958 bp,通过NJ法和ME法构建的系统树完全一致.大部分分离自不同海域的同种原甲藻的序列高度保守,而不同种间在序列高变区却有较大的差异.但来自南海海域的海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans)与分离自其他海域的株系序列差异较大,甚至超出了有些种间的差异.由28S rDNA高变区获得的序列,有望成为浮游植物特异性分子探针设计的良好靶区域.     

大西洋扇贝贝壳生长年轮的氧同位素研究

两只活的大洋扇贝Placopecten magellanicus分别于1983和1985年采自加拿大诺瓦·斯科舍省布朗斯浅滩,其氧同位素记录展示出一种年度性的循环,并与由环境海水的实测温度和同位素组成所预计的贝壳同位素组成十分接近。外生长线的位置与这些循环中δ~(18)O的最大值吻合,这说明外生长线于底层海水温度最低时(春季)形成。据测定的δ~(18)O的结果证明,外生长线是年度性形成的,这与生物学证据一致。     

Estrogenic responses of larval sunshine bass (Morone saxatilis x M. Chrysops) exposed to New York City sewage effluent

To determine the estrogenicity of effluents from sewage treatment plants (STPs) to larval fish, 2-day-old sunshine bass were exposed to effluents from three STPs serving New York City (NYC), varying in size and treatment level. Estrogenic response was evaluated by measuring vitellogenin (VTG) and estrogen receptor (ER) expression in cytosolic fractions of whole body homogenates. Concentrations of the presumptive endocrine disruptors in the effluents were also measured. VTG and ER levels in sewage-exposed fish were 3-5 times that observed in controls. Combined concentrations of estradiol and estrone ranged from 5 to 13 ng/l and nonylphenol-ethoxylate metabolites (NPEOs: 4-nonylphenol, and 1-, 2-, and 3-nonylphenol-ethoxylates) ranged from 180 to 470 microg/l in chlorinated effluent. Results indicate that both ER and VTG can be used as biomarkers for endocrine disruption in larval fish, and that 4-day exposure to sewage effluent is sufficient to elicit significant expression of these markers in sunshine bass larvae. The extremely higher concentrations of NPEOs found in effluent relative to hormones (approximately 40,000-fold) indicates that surfactant metabolites may be contributing significantly to the estrogenic effects observed.     

2100公里南北向深层地震反射剖面反映的中印度洋板内缩短

自中印度洋被确认为是大洋岩石圈活动压缩变形的场所以来，人们已经竭尽全力来确定该地区的缩短量．其目的是了解在很高压应力下的板内变形会对周围板块的运动学起什么作用以及大洋岩石圈的机械反映．使用了下面4种不同的方法来定量分析变形速率：     

澳大利亚海岸概况

澳大利亚是个大陆岛,界于南纬11°—43°,东西长5000公里,面积约770万平方公里(包括塔斯马尼亚岛等)。她与南极大陆隔以3000公里的海域。在澳大利亚和亚洲大陆之间有一列岛屿,其中新几内亚位于与澳大利亚相同的大陆架上,在第四纪时通常是相连的。