岩浆铜镍矿与钒钛磁铁矿的过渡类型--新疆哈密香山西矿床

铜镍硫化物矿床与钒钛磁铁矿矿床虽然同属与镁铁-超镁铁质岩有关的岩浆型矿床范畴,但在一般情况下,二者是不共生的.新疆东天山地区的香山西矿床则是一个铜镍矿与钛铁矿共生的实例.香山地区为一复式含矿杂岩体,最早期形成辉长岩(如角闪辉长岩、灰白色细粒辉长岩等)为主体的侵入;第二期侵入的是以辉橄岩、单辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩等为主的超镁铁质岩,含铜镍硫化物矿化;第三期则为岩浆期后残余岩浆形成的含钛铁矿化的辉长岩(脉).香山西铜镍-钛铁矿床含矿岩石的碱度、镁铁指数、岩浆酸度、钙碱富集指数等地球化学参数,氧逸度和硫逸度等物理化学参数均介于独立的典型铜镍硫化物和典型钒钛磁铁矿矿床之间.矿床中磁铁矿较其他钒钛磁铁矿矿床(尾亚)具较高的V和Ti含量,同时黄铁矿和黄铜矿具较高的Co、Ni和Cu含量,反映出成矿过程中,Cu-Ni-Co系列与V-Ti-Fe系列的分离不够彻底.形成本区CuNi-VTi复合型矿床的原因,可能在于矿床所处独特的构造环境--产于造山带,而不是克拉通(边缘).     

内蒙古赤峰柴胡栏子金矿基性麻粒岩包体特征及其成矿动力学意义

柴胡栏子金矿位于华北板块北缘,属中温热液蚀变岩型金矿。金成矿与矿区北部的早中生代辉石闪长岩体有密切关系。在辉石闪长岩体内发育大量包体,可以分为基性麻粒岩和角闪岩两类包体。包体的地球化学、形成温压条件表明基性岩包体为来源于大陆下地壳的基性麻粒岩包体,来源深度大约相当于下地壳中部-中上部位置,为早中生代时期底侵作用的产物。角闪岩包体来源于下地壳上部-中地壳下部位置,被上升岩浆带至地壳浅部。包体和寄主岩石具有相似的地球化学和氧、铅、锶、钕同位素特征,说明二者具有相同的岩浆来源。基性麻粒岩包体为底侵作用早期形成的堆晶岩受到后续岩浆的烘烤发生麻粒岩化形成。基性麻粒岩和寄主岩石辉石闪长岩与金矿床形成的密切时空关系显示底侵作用对柴胡栏子金矿含矿流体形成、运移和矿质富集有重要控制作用,其中 H2O和CO2等挥发性组分对控制流体形成和演化有至关重要作用。基性麻粒岩包体发育为成柴胡栏子金矿成矿物质来源于深部提供了有力的证据。     

Estimating False Positive Contamination in Crater Annotations from Citizen Science Data

Web-based citizen science often involves the classification of image features by large numbers of minimally trained volunteers, such as the identification of lunar impact craters under the Moon Zoo project. Whilst such approaches facilitate the analysis of large image data sets, the inexperience of users and ambiguity in image content can lead to contamination from false positive identifications. We give an approach, using Linear Poisson Models and image template matching, that can quantify levels of false positive contamination in citizen science Moon Zoo crater annotations. Linear Poisson Models are a form of machine learning which supports predictive error modelling and goodness-of-fits, unlike most alternative machine learning methods. The proposed supervised learning system can reduce the variability in crater counts whilst providing predictive error assessments of estimated quantities of remaining true verses false annotations. In an area of research influenced by human subjectivity, the proposed method provides a level of objectivity through the utilisation of image evidence, guided by candidate crater identifications.     

Volatiles,vesicles, and vugs: Unraveling the magmatic and eruptive histories of Steno crater basalts

In 1972, Apollo 17 astronauts returned 170.4 kg of lunar material. Within 1 month of their return, a subset of those samples was specially curated with the forethought that future analytical techniques would offer new insight into the formation and evolution of the Moon. Of interest in this work is sample 71036, a basalt collected from the rim of Steno crater in the Taurus–Littrow Valley, which was stored frozen and was processed and released for study 50 years later. We report, for the first time, the detailed mineralogy and petrology of 71036 and its companion samples 71035, 71037, and 71055 using a novel combination of 2-D and 3-D methods. We investigate lunar volatiles through in situ measurements of apatite and 3-D measurements of vesicles to understand the degassing histories of the Steno crater basalts. Our coupled 2-D petrography and 3-D tomography data sets support a model of the Steno crater basalts crystallizing in the upper crust of a mare lava flow. Apatite F and OH chemistry and the late-stage deformation of voids and formation of smaller vesicles provide evidence supporting coeval degassing of volatiles and crystallization of mesostasis apatite in Apollo 17 basalts. This work helps to close knowledge gaps surrounding the origin, magmatic evolution, emplacement, and crystallization history of high-titanium basalts.     

Glacial oscillations during the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial–Younger Dryas transition in the Ruda Valley,Central Pyrenees

The Upper Garonne Basin included the largest glacial system in the Pyrenees during the last glacial cycle. Within the long-term glacial retreat during Termination-1 (T-1), glacier fluctuations left geomorphic evidence in the area. However, the chronology of T-1 glacial oscillations on the northern slopes of the Central Pyrenees is still poorly constrained. Here, we introduce new geomorphological observations and a 12-sample dataset of ¹⁰Be cosmic-ray exposure ages from the Ruda Valley. This U-shaped valley, surrounded by peaks exceeding 2800 m a.s.l., includes a sequence of moraines and polished surfaces that enabled a reconstruction of the chronology of the last deglaciation. Following the maximum ice extent, warmer conditions prevailing at ~15–14 ka, during the Bølling–Allerød (B–A) Interstadial, favoured glacial retreat in the Ruda Valley. Within the B–A, glaciers experienced two phases of advance/stillstand with moraine formation at 13.5 and 13.0 ka. During the early Younger Dryas (YD), glacial retreat exposed the highest surfaces of the Saboredo Cirque (~2300–2350 m) at 12.7 ka. Small glaciers persisted only inside the highest cirques (~2470 m), such as in Sendrosa Cirque, with moraines stabilising at 12.6 ka. The results of this work present the most complete chronology for Pyrenean glacial oscillations from the B–A to the YD.