ON WESTERLY WIND BURSTS IN EQUATORIAL WESTERN PACIFIC BEFORE AND DURING THE ONSET AND INITIAL DEVELOPMENT PHASES OF ENSO

By means of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset,the origins of westerly wind anomalies at lowlevel over equatorial western Pacific Ocean before and during the onset and initial developmentphase of ENSO are explored.Evidences show that westerly anomalies in the equatorial westernPacific(140—180°E)are characterized by two remarkable enhancements in the spring and summerof the year when El Nine emerges.The enhancements are not only.to some extem.due to theeastward propagation of low-level westerlies in equatorial Indian Ocean.but also predominantlyresulting from Ihe intense convergence of the meridional wind from both hemispheres.Thelatitudinal convergence leads to the local intensification of zonal pressure gradient so as to cause thereinforcement and bursts of westerly wind over warm pool.Besides,by virtue of the effect ofearth rotation,the northeasterlies(southeasterlies)from the Northern(Southern)Hemisphereturn into northwesterlies(southwesterlies)progressively in the near-equatorial zone.whichdirectly strengthens the westerly velocity.Comparing the contributions of the meridional windfrom both hemispheres to westerly wind bursts,is seems that southeasterlies from the SouthernHemisphere are much stronger and more stable than northwesterlies of Northern Hemisphere.It isevident that the southeasterlies to the east of Australia originate from the southern mid-and highlatitudes and are in close association with the Southern Oscillation.     

长江口北支沉积物粒度特征与沉积环境

长江口北支为喇叭口型中潮河口,在径流－潮流共同作用下,塑造了典型的心滩、边滩、沙嘴、潮流脊和潮汐汊道等地貌形态。本文根据所采集的长江口北支底质的粒度分析结果,利用数字地质方法对粒度参数进行对应分析;并在此基础上分析北支的沉积特征及沉积环境,揭示其沉积作用的动力机制。     

海河流域水资源短缺风险研究

本文对海河流域水平衡和水资源短缺风险进行评价。文章采用研究时段为1994-2007年,作者首先研究了海河流域的水量平衡问题,并提出了流域非用水消耗量的概念和计算方法,经过分析,计算得出海河流域多年平均非用水消耗量为5.91×109m3。通过建立水资源短缺风险的评价方法,得出海河流域1994-2007年处于缺水量较多、缺水风险较高的时期,计算出缺水风险率、恢复性指标、稳定性指标和脆弱性指标分别为0.786、0、0.154和0.173。在考虑社会系统应对措施的条件下,水资源短缺风险将会显著下降。考虑南水北调工程对于该地区的影响,分别考虑在50%和75%两种来水水平年下,如果南水北调工程一期（2014年）的来水量为5×109m3,未来该地区的水资源短缺风险会从0.229-0.297下降到0.152-0.234。     

东北亚资源环境综合科学考察数据平台构建及其应用

东北亚区域是一个资源相对集中,生态环境格局复杂,气候地带性多样,人地关系对比显著的区域,集成该区域的资源环境综合科学考察数据对于全球变化等前沿科学研究和区域可持续发展等具有重要研究意义。针对该区域资源环境综合科学考察数据积累和管理的需求,研究构建了包括三大体系的东北亚资源环境综合科学考察数据平台,即数据资源采集与管理标准规范体系、数据分类体系、数据管理和发布软件体系。其中,标准规范体系包括数据采集规范、数据管理规范和综合考察规范三类共23项;数据分类体系包括4个大类、25个小类、128个要素;数据平台软件系统包括数据目录检索管理、元数据管理、数据发布与可视化、数据浏览与获取等5个功能模块;基于地理信息技术和网络技术,实现了东北亚资源环境综合科学考察数据平台原型系统,初步实现了数据的集成管理与可视化访问。目前已集成144个数据集（库）,为东北亚综合科学考察数据的深度集成和应用奠定基础。     

关于CCD平场快门效应的改正及有关问题

本文对文献中报道的两种测定快门效应改正的方法进行了讨论．我们指出，对反光镜卡焦，即使面光源本身亮度分布均匀，照射在ＣＣＤ上的辐射也可以不均匀，允许有一个二维分布。但如果这种亮度的相对分布在晨昏蒙影过程中也变化，则Ｓｕｒｍａ方法的应用便要受到影响，而这是许多人忽略的．从单纯测定快门改正函数的角度看，圆顶平场法测定更简单准确．可惜，大多数情况下精确改正快门效应的目的是同时得到精确的平场．如果要求１％或更高精度的平场，单测定快门改正还不够．对每架给定的反光镜，如何测定平场本身都是需要仔细研究的事． 作为例子，给出了佘山１．５６米反光镜加Ｔｈｏｍｓｏｎ ＲＣＣＤ（１０２４ ｘ １０２４像元）的快门改正测定．     

MODIFIED MASS FLUX CUMULUS CONVECTIVE PARAMETERIZATION SCHEME AND ITS SIMULATION EXPERIMENT—PART Ⅰ:MASS FLUX SCHEME AND ITS SIMULATION OF THE 1991 FLOOD EVENT

Based on the existing cumulus convective parameterization schemes,a mass flux scheme(MFS)for cumulus convective parameterization has been successfully developed by reference to thework of Chen et al.(1996).The MFS is a comprehensive scheme.In MFS,not only theimportance of the large-scale moisture convergence is taken into account,but also it includes thecumulus updrafts and downdrafts,cumulus-induced subsidence in the environmental air.entrainment,detrainment and evaporation.The interaction between the cumulus and theenvironment is described by using a one-dimensional bulk model.At the same time the schemeincludes the penetrative and shallow convections.The MFS has been successfully incorporated into the regional climate model RegCM2developed by NCAR.The new model has been applied to simulate summer monsoon characteristicsand their variations of heavy rainfall process in the Changjiang-Huaihe River Basins for threemonths from May to July 1991.The results show that the new model can successfully simulate thisrainfall prolonged process.By comparising the model outputs of RegCM2.using the Kuo schemeand the MFS.it is found that the MFS is better in simulating the surface temperature,rainfallposition and amount,and rainfall duration.     

Monthly Extended Predicting Experiments with Nonlinear Regional Prediction.PartⅡ:Improvement of Wave Component Prediction

Based on Chen et al. (2006), the scheme of the combination of the pentad-mean zonal height departure nonlinear prediction with the T42L9 model prediction was designed, in which the pentad zonal heights at all the 12-initial-value-input isobar levels from 50 hPa to 1000 hPa except 200, 300, 500, and 700 hPa were derived from nonlinear forecasts of the four levels by means of a good correlation between neighboring levels. Then the above pentad zonal heights at 12 isobar-levels were transformed to the spectrum coefficients of the temperature at each integration step of T42L9 model. At last, the nudging was made. On account of a variety of error accumulation, the pentad zonal components of the monthly height at isobar levels output by T42L9 model were replaced by the corresponding nonlinear results once more when integration was over. Multiple case experiments showed that such combination of two kinds of prediction made an improvement in the wave component as a result of wave-flow nonlinear interaction while reducing the systematical forecast errors. Namely the monthly-mean height anomaly correlation coefficients over the high- and mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, over the Southern Hemisphere and over the globe increased respectively from 0.249 to 0.347, from 0.286 to 0.387, and from 0.343 to 0.414 (relative changes of 31.5%, 41.0%, and 18.3%). The monthly-mean root-mean-square error (RMSE) of T42L9 model over the three areas was considerably decreased, the relative change over the globe reached 44.2%. The monthly-mean anomaly correlation coefficients of wave 4-9 over the areas were up to 0.392, 0.200, and 0.295, with the relative change of 53.8%, 94.1%, and 61.2%, and correspondingly their RMSEs were decreased respectively with the rate of 8.5%, 6.3%, and 8.1%. At the same time the monthly-mean pattern of parts of cases were presented better.     

Monthly Extended Predicting Experiments with Nonlinear Regional Prediction.PartⅠ:Prediction of Zonal Mean Flow

Systematic errors have recently been founded to be distinct in the zonal mean component forecasts, which account for a large portion of the total monthly-mean forecast errors. To overcome the difficulty of numerical model, the monthly pentad-riean nonlinear dynamic regional prediction models of the zonal mean geopotential height at 200, 300, 500, and 700 hPa based on a large number of historical data (NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data) were constituted by employing the local approximation of the phase space reconstruction theory and nonlinear spatio-temporal series prediction method. The 12-month forecast experiments of 1996 indicated that the results of the nonlinear model are better than those of the persistent, climatic prediction, and T42L9 model either over the high- and mid-latitude areas of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres or the tropical area. The root-mean-square of the monthly-mean height of T42L9 model was considerably decreased with a change of 30.4%, 26.6%, 82.6%, and 39.4%, respectively, over the high- and mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, over the high- and mid-latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere, over the tropics and over the globe, and also the corresponding anomaly correlation coefficients over the four areas were respectively increased by 0.306-0.312, 0.304-0.429, 0.739-0.746, and 0.360-0.400 (averagely a relative change of 11.0% over the globe) by nonlinear correction after integration, implying that the forecasts given by nonlinear model include more useful information than those of T42L9 model.     

济阳拗陷第三纪玄武岩的Nd—Sr同位素研究

本文报道了济阳拗陷29个第三纪玄武岩的Nd，Sr同位素组成。结果表明，该区早、晚第三纪玄武岩的Nd-Sr同位素组成变化且具有一定的区别：早经三纪玄武岩的εNd值为0．70481－0．70830；晚第三纪玄武央的εNd值为0．1－2．3，^87Sr/^86Sr比值为0．70421－0．70530。鉴于εNd与1/Nd有^87Sr/^86Sr与1／Sr之间不存在相关特征，Nb正异常以及SiO2与MgO，Fe2O3 FeO,P2O5呈负相关，与Al2O3呈正相关，但与K2I为不存在相关特征，因此，地壳混染作用并不是第三纪玄武岩同位素组成变化的主要原因。玄武岩^87Sr/^86Sr比值的升高是由热液蚀变造成的，而εNd值的变化而归因于源区混合。如果热液蚀变作用没有发生，这些玄武岩的所有数据点在Nd-Sr相关图上将可能位于地幔系列内部。这表明第三纪玄武岩主要是由DMM和EMI两个端员组分不同程度混合形成，EMII的贡献是次要的。