An analysis on movement patterns between zones using smart card data in subway networks

Identifying zones and movement patterns of people is crucial to understanding adjacent regions and the relationship in urban areas. Most previous studies addressed zones or movement patterns separately without analysing simultaneously the two issues. In this article, we propose an integrated approach to discover directly both zones and movement patterns among the zones, referred to as movement patterns between zones (MZPs), from historical boarding behaviours of passengers in subway networks by using an agglomerative clustering method. In addition, evaluation measures of MZPs are suggested in terms of coverage and accuracy. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is finally demonstrated through a real-world data set obtained from smart cards on a subway network in Seoul, Korea.     

Bridge pier failure probabilities under combined hazard effects of scour, truck and earthquake. Part II: failure probabilities

In many regions of the world, a bridge will experience multiple extreme hazards during its expected service life. The current American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) load and resistance factor design (LRFD) specifications are formulated based on failure probabilities, which are fully calibrated for dead load and non-extreme live loads. Design against earthquake load effect is established separately. Design against scour effect is also formulated separately by using the concept of capacity reduction (or increased scour depth). Furthermore, scour effect cannot be linked directly to an LRFD limit state equation because the latter is formulated using force-based analysis. This paper (in two parts) presents a probability-based procedure to estimate the combined hazard effects on bridges due to truck, earthquake and scour, by treating the effect of scour as an equivalent load effect so that it can be included in reliability-based failure calculations. In Part I of this series, the general principle for treating the scour depth as an equivalent load effect is presented. In Part II, the corresponding bridge failure probability, the occurrence of scour as well as simultaneously having both truck load and equivalent scour load effect are quantitatively discussed. The key formulae of the conditional partial failure probabilities and the necessary conditions are established. In order to illustrate the methodology, an example of dead, truck, earthquake and scour effects on a simple bridge pile foundation is represented.     

Validation of international reference ionosphere models using in situ measurements from GRACE K-band ranging system and CHAMP planar Langmuir probe

The in situ measurements of electron contents from GRACE K-band (dual-frequency) ranging system and CHAMP planar Langmuir probe were used to validate the international reference ionosphere (IRI) models. The comparison using measurements from year 2003 to 2007 shows a general agreement between data and the model outputs. The improvement in the newer IRI model (IRI-2007) is evident with the measurements from the GRACE satellites orbiting at the higher altitude. We present the comparison between the models and data comprehensively for various cases in solar activity, local time, season, and latitude. The IRI models do not well predict the electron density in the years 2006 and later, when the solar activity is extremely low. The IRI models generally overestimate the electron density during local winter while they underestimate during local summer. In the equatorial region, the large difference at local sunrise lasts for all years and all seasons. The IRI models do not perform well in predicting the anomaly in the polar region such as the Weddell Sea Anomaly. These discrepancies are likely due to smoothed (12-month averaged) solar activity indices used in the IRI models and due to insufficient spherical harmonic representation not able to capture small spatial scales. In near future, further improvement on the IRI models is expected by assimilating those in situ satellite data by implementing higher resolution (spatial and temporal) parameterizations.     

云南地震应急救援物资储备特点与流调分析

对云南应急救援物资储备情况进行抽样调研统计,分析物资储备的模式和特点.以2007年宁洱6.4级、2014年鲁甸6.5级和2015年沧源5.5级三次地震应急救援物资流调为例,对三次地震的物资投入来源、投入种类、分发情况进行了梳理和分析.得到物资储备、物资流调、物资需求之间的作用与反作用的逻辑关系,以及云南地震应急处置中的一些物资流调经验.     

Expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes from the copper-exposed polychaete, Neanthes succinea

To evaluate the superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes as a potential indicator of environmental stress, we cloned and sequenced the full-length cDNA of a Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD genes from the marine polychaete, Neanthes succinea. Ns-Cu/Zn- and Mn-SOD expression was measured using quantitative real-time RT-PCR in response to the oxidative stress induced by copper in the form of CuCl2. Ns-Cu/Zn-SOD expression increased in a dose dependent manner but the increase of Mn-SOD expression was evident only at a high concentration of copper. Particularly, Ns-Mn-SOD dramatically increased in the 72 μg/L CuCl2-exposed groups, indicating that both Ns-SOD genes were induced by copper exposure. These results suggest that Ns-Cu/Zn- and Ns-Mn-SOD would play important roles in the detoxification of cellular oxidative stresses in the polychaete, N. succinea. Furthermore, as part of field work, the marine polychaete, N. succineaCu/Zn-SOD mRNA collected from the polluted area was accordingly upregulated in expression but not for NS-Mn-SOD.     

Comparison of groundwater age models for assessing nitrate loading,transport pathways,and management options in a complex aquifer system

In an aquifer system with complex hydrogeology, mixing of groundwater with different ages could occur associated with various flow pathways. In this study, we applied different groundwater age‐estimation techniques (lumped parameter model and numerical model) to characterize groundwater age distributions and the major pathways of nitrate contamination in the Gosan agricultural field, Jeju Island. According to the lumped parameter model, groundwater age in the study area could be explained by the binary mixing of the young groundwater (4–33 years) and the old water component (>60 years). The complex hydrogeologic regimes and local heterogeneity observed in the study area (multilayered aquifer, well leakage hydraulics) were particularly well reflected in the numerical model. The numerical model predicted that the regional aquifer of Gosan responded to the fertilizer applications more rapidly (mean age: 9.7–22.3 years) than as estimated by other models. Our study results demonstrated that application and comparison of multiple age‐estimation methods can be useful to understand better the flow regimes and the mixing characteristics of groundwater with different ages (pathways), and accordingly, to reduce the risk of improper groundwater management plans arising from the aquifer heterogeneity.     

贵州盘县乐民河流域三股水岩溶泉水文地质条件分析

三股水岩溶泉为贵州碳酸盐岩山区典型的岩溶大泉,周边煤企广布,排污现象普遍,岩溶地下水系统较为脆弱,分析岩溶泉形成的水文地质条件是地下水污染防治的基础。在环境水文地质调查的基础上,对岩溶地下水系统边界及补给、径流、排泄特征进行了分析。地表岩溶形态调查及物探成果显示,盘关向斜东西两翼各发育1条岩溶管道,并在三股水一带相互贯通。示踪试验成果表明,平关及小果郎河一带的降雨及地表水与三股水岩溶泉存在水力联系,三股水岩溶地下水系统中的岩溶含水介质以裂隙-管道型为主,裂隙的大量发育使该岩溶地下水系统具备较强的调蓄能力。     

Analysis and characterization of samples from sedimentary strata with correlations to indicate the potential for hydrocarbons

The Rock-Eval pyrolysis and TOC analysis have been widely used to evaluate the source rock quality. The atomic H/C ratio of kerogen, however, has been overlooked in source rock evaluation. In this study, coal and carbonaceous samples, including 26 from northwestern Taiwan, 12 from China, and 4 from the United States were analyzed, and integrated with 157 published data, to explore the significance of atomic H/C ratio as a parameter of source rock evaluation. Two different linear trends were observed in the cross-plot of S ₁ versus S ₂. Field outcropped shale or C-shale exhibits a steeper slope compared to that of coal samples which can be attributed to the compositional difference in their organic material. A rather strong positive correlation for H% versus S ₂ illustrates the contribution of H-containing macerals, especially exinite. Organic matters in the samples studied are of type II/III kerogen based on the relationship between HI and T _max. The H/C ratio, as well as the HI, S ₁, and S ₂, generally decreases with the maturity increasing. The H/C ratio decreases slightly from 1.1 to 0.7 with the maturity increasing from R _o 0.55 to 0.85%. Samples with H/C ratio in this range show significant change in certain other geochemical parameters (e.g. HI, S ₁, S ₂, S ₁ + S ₂, S ₁/(S ₁ + S ₂), S ₁/TOC, (S ₁ + S ₂)/TOC, T _max). The (S ₁ + S ₂)/TOC ratio (defined as QI) was used as an indicator of the hydrocarbon potential. The QI, HI, and H/C ratio show a certain correlation, all increasing accordingly. The QI of the samples analyzed in this study is approximately 100–380 (mgHC/gTOC), similar to that of most humic coals for oil and gas generation. Samples with R _o value lower than 0.55% always show significant variation in their HI, ranging from 80 to 520 mgHC/gTOC. It is inferred that hydrocarbon potential started from R _o 0.55% and atomic H/C ratio 1.1 in this study.