Experiments on the reflection coefficients of a detached breakwater in a directional wave field

Results of estimating the directional wave fields in front of a detached breakwater are presented here in this paper. Two of non-phase-locked methods, i.e., the Maximum Likelihood Method (MLM) and the Extended Maximum Entropy Principle Method (EMEP), were adopted for the purpose. In general, the latter outperforms the former. It is shown that the reflection coefficients decrease with increasing distances away from the detached breakwater, and within four wavelengths from the detached breakwater, the rate of the decrease is faster for wave fields having larger directional spreads. When the measuring distance is more than four wavelengths away from the detached breakwaters, the reflection coefficients tend to reach to a constant value. It is shown that, with the use of the non-phase-locked EMEP method, the effective region can be extended, as compared with the results of Huntley and Davidson [J. Waterw. Port Coast. Ocean Eng. 124 (1998) 312].     

DIRECT LOCATION OF OIL AND GAS BY THE SEISMIC REFLECTION METHOD*

The seismic velocity of sedimentary rocks is determined by the porosity, the velocity in the matrix and that in the fluid. The last two are known experimentally. The velocity can be measured from the surface. By applying the time average equation we can find the porosity. If the only difference at two points is the nature of the fluid in one layer, the ratio of the reflectivities of the layer at these points determines the nature of the fluid; this ratio is equal to the ratio of the amplitudes at these points. The size of the reservoir can then be found. The method can be applied to both oil exploration and production. It is more accurate in the latter case because more information is available than in the former case. The method is also more effective in developing discovered fields than the conventional method of relying only on the geological structural configurations.     

Introspection of sustainable development and environmental planning of National Park management

Because of slender land and high mountain, steep slope, and rapids of natural environment, the whole regional ecosystem has the changeable terrain and landscape with diverse ecology and species. During the past 300 years, the humanity lives and spreads on this splendid domain, accomplished the complex, fragment and sensitive of nature and humanities ecosystem, and its Landscape ecology texture. This paper finds out that, although the National Parks system in China has been in operation for over 30 years and has achieved the objective of species conservation, it is still facing the a conflicting situation and coordinated demand of its conservation and recreation. With the global tendency of “sustainable development” and “ecotourism”, this paper suggests that National Park system should establish a sustainable development mechanism integrating “conservation, recreation, and research.” Therefore, this paper suggests shifting the traditional planning paradigm of resource benefit guidance and resource valuation framework of Ecological Planning to the “Sustainable Planning” theory and technique that are suitable for sustainable development concept in order to meet the demand for a new conservation concept and technique of sustainable development for the human beings dealing with the environment resources. Also, the texture and model of Landscape ecology and the model and method of Geographic Informational System could be considered as the proper tool. This paper points out that the landscape ecology texture and tendency should represent the secret code of sustainable development. Furthermore, the situation of the sustainable development is dynamic, and the GIS model is necessary for corresponding planning. Finally, this paper develops a suitable sustainable development operation definition and planning methodology to represent the interlacing framework of ecology (conservation) and human being (e.g., recreation, research, life, etc.) system of National Park management.     

生油岩评价专家系统研究

生油岩评价专家系统(SREES)的建立是将有关地质学家的理论方法和经验知识进行系统总结,以先进的人工智能技术在计算机上实现,使生油评价分析工作达到专家水平,从而提高评价结果的置信度,更好地指导油气勘探工作。整个系统采用了自顶向下、面向目标的程序设计方法,使用C语言在Micro VAX机上实现,系统选择了民和盆地作为实验区,验证了系统的评价性能,在计算机系统支持下的陆相油气资源评价方法上作了一次偿试。     

内蒙造山带南部古板块构造演化

对内蒙造山带南部构造岩石组合、构造序列和部分岩石的同位素年龄研究表明，华北板块北缘在中元古代由大陆裂谷发展成被动陆缘，晚元古代开始转为活动陆缘，延续至早古生代转为俯冲－左旋走滑。随着温都尔庙蛇绿岩的定位和俯冲带北移、贺根山蛇绿岩的定位，内蒙造山带南部分别经历了两次均衡抬升－裂陷。海西末期华北－西伯利亚两大板块已缝合，进入超碰撞阶段，区内花岗岩大量侵位并形成了一系列推覆构造。     

赣南营前岩体的年代学、地球化学、Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成及其地质意义

赣南营前岩体由早期似斑状花岗闪长岩和晚期细粒黑云母花岗岩组成,在前者中普遍发育暗色基性包体。SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年显示似斑状花岗闪长岩为172.2±3.1Ma,细粒黑云母花岗岩为168±3Ma,包体为167.6±3.3Ma。所有的岩石均为钙碱性系列,稀土元素显示LREE富集,HREE亏损,Eu负异常并不明显的特征,Nb-Ta负异常显示壳源物质的特征。晚期细粒黑云母花岗岩、早期似斑状花岗闪长岩、暗色包体的(87Sr/86Sr)i和εNd(t)值分别为0.70885～0.70965、0.71058～1.46393、0.70788～0.70923和-6.38～-5.31、-6.51～-5.17、-5.47～-4.31;锆石εHf(t)值分别为-12.4～-5.7、-9.2～-4.2、-9.4～+0.1。结合岩相学、地球化学研究,初步认为营前岩体的两期花岗质岩石源于地壳重熔,地幔底侵导致地壳熔融形成营前岩体,基性岩浆加入到未冷却的酸性岩浆中形成了目前所见到的暗色包体。结合区域上的研究资料,认为中侏罗世期间,沿"十杭"断裂带及与其相平行的一些深断裂发生了板块的撕裂,这些缝合带是岩石圈相对薄弱的地带,有利于幔源物质底侵上升以及壳幔相互作用。     

Composition and quality of coals in the Huaibei Coalfield, Anhui, China

The Huaibei Coalfield, Anhui Province, China, is one of the largest coalfields in China. The coals of Permian age are used mainly for power generation. Coal compositions and 47 trace elements of the No. 10 Coal of the Shanxi Formation, the No. 7, 5, and 4 Coals of the Lower Shihezi Formation, and the No. 3 Coal of the Upper Shihezi Formation from the Huaibei Coalfield were studied. The results indicate that the Huaibei coals have low ash, moisture, and sulfur contents, but high volatile matter and calorific value. The ash yield increases stratigraphically upwards, but the volatile matter and total sulfur contents show a slight decrease from the lower to upper seams. Magmatic intrusion into the No. 5 Coal resulted in high ash, volatile matter, and calorific value, but low moisture value in the coal. Among the studied 47 trace elements, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Th, U, V, and Zn are of environmental concerns. Four elements Hg, Mo, Zn, and Sb are clearly enriched in the coals as compared with the upper continental crust.     

福建省上杭县罗卜岭斑岩型铜（钼）矿床地质特征

罗卜岭异常区处于成矿有利部位，本文通过对该区的热液蚀变分带、岩石化学特征、包裹体特征等的初步研究以及对化探异常进行深部验证，认为罗卜岭异常区存在着斑岩型铜（钼）矿床，是寻找斑岩型铜（钼）矿床的有利靶区。     

环氧树脂/沸石纳米复合材料的制备及表征

提出了一种用原位插入法制取环氧树脂/沸石纳米复合材料的新方法, 详细探讨了钠化、有机化、环氧树脂插入、固化及制备环氧树脂/沸石纳米复合材料的条件, 在实验的基础上确定了最佳条件, 制成了纳米复合材料, 并用XRD和TEM对其结构进行了表征, 发现纳米复合材料的平均粒径在5 0~ 6 0nm之间, 同时力学性能有明显提高, 可用于高性能的工程塑料和高品质的粘合剂.      

Pattern classification using tabu search to identify the spatial distribution of groundwater pumping

Pattern classification and Tabu Search are integrated to optimize the zonation and associated average groundwater pumping rates. A simulated problem analogous to the Choushui Creek Alluvial in Janghauh county of Taiwan is used to examine the proposed method. Three problems are tested including (1) optimizing zonation patterns with known pumping rates and number of zones, (2) optimizing pumping rates and zonation patterns with a predetermined number of zones, and (3) optimizing all pumping rates, number of zones, and zonation. The results indicate that the proposed method successfully identifies spatial patterns of groundwater pumping for all three cases. However, some initial zonations result only in local optimums. Thus, using more than one initial zonation to increase search diversification is recommended. Application to different problems such as the spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity values and area weighting of rainfall stations, is encouraged.

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Resumen El patrón de clasificación y la búsqueda tabú están integrados para optimizar la zonificación y las tasas promedio de bombeo de aguas subterráneas asociadas. Se ha utilizado un área diseñada análoga al arroyo aluvial Choushui en la provincia Janghauh en Taiwan para examinar el método propuesto. Se han probado tres problemas que incluyen (1) la zonificación únicamente con las tasas de bombeo y número de zonas dadas, (2) tasa de bombeo y zonificación con un número predeterminado de zonas, y (3) todas las tasa de bombeo, número de zonas y zonificaciones. Los resultados indican que el método propuesto identifica exitosamente los patrones espaciales de bombeo de las aguas subterráneas en los tres casos. Sin embargo, Algunas zonificaciones iniciales solamente resultan en óptimos locales. Por esta razón se recomienda utilizar más de una zonificación inicial para incrementar la diversificación de la búsqueda. Se sugiere la aplicación a problemas diferentes tales como la distribución espacial de conductividades hidraúlicas y la ponderación de áreas de estaciones de monitoreo de precipitación.

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Résumé La classification des patrons et la recherche Tabu sont intégrés pour optimiser la zonation et la moyenne associée du taux de pompage de leau souterraine. Une région analogue à lalluvion du ruisseau Choushui de la région Janghauh en Taiwan a été recrée afin dexaminer la méthode proposée. Trois problèmes sont évalués, incluant loptimisation de (1) la zonation avec seulement un taux de pompage et un nombre de zones donnés, (2) le taux de pompage et la zonation avec un nombre prédéterminé de zones, et (3) tous les taux de pompage, nombre de zones et la zonation. Les résultats indiquent que la méthode proposée identifie avec succès les patrons de pompage de leau souterraine dans les trois cas. Toutefois, certaines zonations initiales résultent seulement en optimums locaux. Par conséquent, lutilisation de plus dune zonation initiale afin daugmenter la diversification de la recherche est recommandée. Lutilisation de la méthode est suggérée pour la résolution de différents problèmes tels que la distribution spatiale de la conductivité hydraulique et la pondération des stations de mesure de précipitations.