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91.
Peter K. Van de Water 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2002,66(7):1211-1219
The effect of standard processing techniques on the δ13C value of plant tissue was tested using species representing the three photosynthetic pathways, including angiosperms and gymnosperms within the C3 taxonomic division. The species include Cowania mexicana (C3 angiosperm), Juniperus osteosperma (C3 gymnosperm), Opuntia spp. (crassulacean acid metabolism [CAM] angiosperm), and Atriplex canescens (C4 angiosperm). Each species is represented by 5 plants collected at two different sites, for a total of 10 samples. The samples were processed to whole plant tissue, holocellulose, α-cellulose, and nitrocellulose. An additional process was added with the discovery of residual Ca-oxalate crystals in holocellulose samples. Both C3 species show δ13C values becoming 13C enriched with increased processing. The CAM representative shows the opposite trend, with 13C depletion during the progression of treatments. The greatest range of values and most inconsistent trends occur in the C4 representative. Removal of the Ca-oxalate fraction resulted in different mean weight percentages and δ13C values among the species. Calculated δ13C values of the Ca-oxalate crystals show depletion from the tissue values in the two C3 species and enrichment in the C4 and CAM representatives. The C. mexicana samples show the greatest change between the tissue and Ca-oxalates (7.3‰) but the least mean weight percentage (11%), whereas A. canescens shows the greatest overall change, with a −2.8‰ isotopic shift and over 48% mean weight percentage. Variability within the samples undergoing each treatment remained relatively unchanged even with increased cellulose purity. This paper provides estimates of isotopic offsets necessary to correct from one treatment to another. Significant differences in δ13C among different treatments confirm the need to state the tissue fraction analyzed when reporting δ13C results. 相似文献
92.
Zhaoyin WANGProf Dr. International Research Training Center on Erosion Sedimentation. P.O.Box Beijing China Jinchi HUANG Dr. Senior Engineer China Institute of Water Resources Hydro-Power Research P.O.Box Beijing . Chi 《国际泥沙研究》1997,(3)
I.INTRODUCTIONhiverchannelsaresubjecttocontinuouschangeingeometryduetoillteraCtionbetWeentheflowanderodibleboundaries.Ofconcerntothedesignersofoilpipelinesacrossariver,bridgesandhydraulicworksistheproblemofscourwhichcanunderminetheStructures.Scouratsiteofbridgesandhydraulicworksoccursduetoconstrictedflowandexistenceofbridgepiers.SuchatabOfscouroccursonlyinashortsection,usuallyillthesameorderofthelengthofthehydraulicworksorbridges.Therefore,thispatternofscouriscalledlocalscour.Man}rresea… 相似文献
93.
Helmut M.HABERSACK Research Assistant Institute for Water Management Hydrology Hydraulic Engineering Universitaet fuer Bodenkultur Muthgasse Vienna Austria 《国际泥沙研究》1997,(3)
1.INTRODUCTIONOVerthelastdecadesmuchprogresshasbeenmadeconcerningsedimenttransPOrtmodellingandmonitoring.Thedifferelltiationincatchmeflt-tvide,sectionalandlocalaspectsreflectsthefactthatmanysedimenttransportandpredictionmodelsaredealingwithspecialpartsofriverSystems,mainlydifferinginscale.Overthepastyears,scaleissuesinhydrologyhaverapidlyincreasedinimportance(BLoSCHL,1996).Onalargescaletheapplicationoffractals,self-similarityanalysistolandscapeorganizationandoptimalchannelnetlvorks(O… 相似文献
94.
波动数值模拟中透射边界的稳定实现 总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21
从波动能量在计算区内累积增大的观点出发,通过简单的一维弹性波模型,系统地阐明了在近场波动数值模拟中透射边界两类数值失稳--"高频振荡"和"零频飘移"的机理:前者源于对波动数值模拟无意义的高频波动在人工边界上的放大和波在有限计算区内多次反射产生的反复放大;后者则源于透射边界允许零频和接近零频的分量不断进入计算区. 由此提出了稳定实现透射边界的完整方案包括两项简单措施:第一,在全部计算区内按文中建议的方法注入小阻尼,以消除高频振荡;第二, 给出一种具有明确物理意义的消除零频飘移的算子算法. 最后,提供了三维波源问题和散射问题的详细数值试验结果. 相似文献
95.
A vertical 2-D numerical model is presented for simulating the interaction between water waves and a soft mud bed. Taking into aceotmt nonlinear theology, a semi-empirical theological model is applied to this water-mud model, reflecting the combined visco-elasto-plastic properties of soft mud under such oscillatory external forces as water waves. In order to increase the resolution of the flow in the neighborhood of both sides of the inter-surface, a logarithmic grid in the vertical direction is employed for numerical treatment. Model verifications are given through comparisons between the calculated and the measured mud mass transport velocities as well as wave height changes. 相似文献
96.
Weng Keqin Chen Luhua
Engineer Planning Design Institute for Water Transportation Ministry of Communications Beijing 《中国海洋工程》1991,(1)
This paper, based on wave data measured with Type 956 Directional WAVE-TRACK Buoy System at new Dalian Port for a whole year, analyses the properties of the wave frequency spectra, and derives the formula for the frequency spectrum of wind-waves. 相似文献
97.
ZHOU Jianjun LIN Binganand WANG Lianxiang Dr. of Eng. Research engineer the Institute of Water Conservancy Hydroelectric Power Research 《国际泥沙研究》1991,(1)
A new mathematical model for 2-D flow is formulated with accurate satisfac tion of boundary conditions in conjunction with square or any grids,so that it may also yield accurate results when the domain of computation is in the shape of a strip as occurring in rivers. The basic equations are split into three sets of compo- nent equations of which two sets may be transformed to the same form. This model is a part or a model devised for 2-D flows with sediment. 相似文献
98.
1 INTRODUCTION Scouring in the bend ways leads to deep sections at the toe of the outer bank of the bend. The presenceof secondary currents and the greater depths at the outer bank cause high velocity along the outer bank.The high velocity and shear stres… 相似文献
99.
次降雨条件下坡面侵蚀形态的演变过程和细沟的发生发展过程是土壤侵蚀规律研究中的重点和难点。利用REE示踪法,采取沿坡面垂直分层布设的新的试验方法,通过室内模拟降雨试验,对坡面侵蚀演变过程进行了探索性研究。结果表明:降雨初期坡面侵蚀以面蚀为主,细沟出现后,坡面侵蚀加剧;随着降雨时间的延续,累积面蚀量和细沟侵蚀量逐渐增加,但后者的增加速率大于前者,面蚀占总侵蚀量的比率随降雨时间呈曲线形式逐渐递减,细沟侵蚀则逐渐增加;试验结束时细沟侵蚀量为面蚀量的2~4倍。本研究为定量区分和研究坡面侵蚀过程中面蚀和细沟侵蚀量,面蚀向细沟侵蚀的转变以及细沟侵蚀发生、发育提供了新的思路和解决途径。 相似文献
100.