水电项目对越南硒圣河地区社会经济发展及环境保护的影响

硒圣河是湄公河的主要分支之一,其集水区地形条件和水资源量均对水电开发十分有利。此外,无论从物种多样性还是生物量来看,硒圣河水生生物资源非常丰富。鱼类是当地人们的重要食物来源,粗略估计鱼类物种数量可能在200-300种之间,目前具有详细记录的鱼类大约为120种。截至目前,从越南境内硒圣河上游至越-柬边界总共开发了6个水电项目,兴建了一座4A级硒圣调蓄水库。流经柬埔寨的硒圣河部分,依据发展规划将兴建3座水电站,即硒圣5号电站（硒圣1号电站以下）、硒圣3号电站、硒圣2号电站。硒圣河水电项目对区域（越南和柬埔寨）社会经济的影响体现在：为地处偏远和困难的集水区创造了新的能源资源,改善了交通系统和农村地区的生活条件。与此同时,这些水电项目也对该区域自然环境产生了重大影响。例如,改变了下游流动机理变化,导致下游河道淤积,对沿河生态系统也产生了一定影响。     

Simulated multi-scale watershed runoff and sediment production based on GeoWEPP model

The runoff and sediment yield data from the Qiaozidonggou, Qiaozixigou, and Lu＇ergou watersheds, in the Loess Plateau of China are used to calibrate and validate the runoff and sediment yield simulated by GeoWEPP model of the WEPP Model at watershed scale. The indices of relative error, R, correlation coefficient, Re, and Nash-Suttcliffe efficiency coefficient Ens are used to evaluate the model fit. The eco-hydrological responses in the Luoyugou and Lu＇ergou watersheds are also forecast based on the WEPP Model. Meanwhile, the relation between vegetation pattern changes and sediment yield in the watershed is discussed, and the responses of runoff and sediment yield in the watersheds concerning forest growth stages are studied. The results show that the relative errors of simulated values of runoff and sediment yield are below 30%, the correlation coefficients axe above 0.90, and the Nash-Suttcliffe efficiency coefficients axe above 0.80. The simulation results present satisfactory performance, thus, the model could be used to simulate the runoff and sediment yield in these small watersheds. It is also observed that soil erosion tended to become severe as precipitation increased in the watershed, while soil erosion has a decreasing trend as forest cover increases and vegetation pattern is optimized. When the watershed is fully covered by forest, erosion and sediment yield are minimized. When the forest cover is about 30% and evenly distributed in the watershed, the erosion intensity is lower than if the forest cover is collectively distributed in the watershed. Erosion varies with different forest growth stages in the watershed; it is more serious at the young and near planting stage and is the smallest at the mature forest stage.     

A case study of spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture in the Loess Plateau, western China： A geostatistical approach

Soil moisture distribution shows highly variation both spatially and temporally. This study assesses the spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture on a hill-slope scale in the Loess Plateau in West China by using a geostatistical approach. Soil moisture was measured by time-domain reflectometry （TDR） in 313 samples. Two kinds of sampling scales were used （2 × 2 m and 20 ×20 m） at two soil layers （0-30 cm and 30-60 cm）. The general characteristics of soil moisture were analyzed by a classical statistics method, and the spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture was analyzed using a geostatistical approach. The results showed that the spherical model is the best-fit model to simulate soil moisture on the experimental hill-slope. The parameters of this model indicated that the spatial dependence of soil moisture in the selected hill-slope was moderate. Even the 2 × 2 m sampling scale was too coarse to show the detailed spatial variances of soil moisture in this area. The dependent distance increased from 27.4 m to 494.16 m as the sampling scale became coarse （from 2× 2 m to 20 ×20 m）. A map of soil moisture was generated by using original soil moisture data and interpolated values determined by the Kriging method. The average soil moisture （area weighted） in the different layers of soil was calculated on the basis of this map （10.94% for the 0-30 cm soil layer, 11.88% for the 30-60 cm soil layer）. This average soil moisture is lower than the corresponding average effective soil moisture, which suggests that the soil moisture is not sufficient to support vegetation in this area.     

地震噪声异常实时监测

本文采用福建省85个测震台站2012年全年噪声资料的垂直向记录作为研究对象,将噪声记录以每5min为单位进行分段,求出每小段的功率谱,应用概率分布函数方法绘出台站的PDF图,之后利用网格概率法确定出台站的高低噪声参照线。另外,根据85个台站的PDF图异常,将噪声异常分成四类：缺数异常、低噪处异常、高噪处异常、中噪处异常。依据四类异常的特征分别研究出四类异常的挑选方法,再将这四种挑选方法结合形成地震噪声实时监测系统。选取福建省85个测震台站2013年7月份的噪声记录进行验证,结果表明：85个台站应用地震噪声实时监测系统识别出来的异常正确率都达到90%以上,挑选效果很好,并可应用于台站噪声实时监测。     

Experimental Research on Shear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Composite Beams Under Uniformly Distributed Load

An experimental program was carried out to study the shear behavior of the reinforced con-crete composite beam(RCCB)subjected to two-phase uniformly distributed load.A total of 12 reinforcedconcrete composite beams were tested:10 of them were the RCCB subjected to two-phase uniformly dis-tributed load,the other 2 were the comparative reinforced concrete beams cast at the same time as theRCCB subjected to one-phase uniformly distributed load.The interface of precast unit and recast concretewas natural and rough.The test range of the main composite factors:the ratio of precast section depth tocomposite section depth was from 0.35 to 0.65,the ratio of first-phase load moment to precast section ulti-mate bearing moment was from 0.25 to 0.65.Based on the test results,the stresses of the longitudinal rein-forcements and stirrups,the load-bearing properties of the interface,the crack state and the failure charac-teristics of the RCCB under uniformly distributed load are discussed.The effects of the stirrups,the     

地震噪声异常实时监测

本文以福建省85个测震台站2012年全年噪声资料中的垂直向记录作为研究对象,将噪声记录以每5min为单位进行分段,求出每小段的功率谱,应用概率分布函数方法绘出台站的PDF图,之后利用网格概率法确定出台站的高低噪声参照线。另外,以85个台站的PDF图为基础,将噪声异常分成缺数异常、低噪处异常、高噪处异常、中噪处异常等4类。依据4类异常的特征分别找出每一类异常的遴选方法,再将这4种挑选方法相结合形成地震噪声实时监测系统。选取福建省85个测震台站2013年7月份的噪声记录进行验证,结果表明:85个台站应用地震噪声实时监测系统识别出来的异常正确率都达到90%以上,遴选效果很好,可用于对台站噪声实时监测。     

生态水文学与生态水文地质学

在分析生态水文学学科发展过程的基础上，对生态水文地质学的研究对象、内容和方法进行了讨论。生态水文地质学是生态学与水文地质学交叉渗透后形成的学科，是地下水资源可持续利用的理论基础。当前中国生态水文地质学研究的主要任务是生态状况的定量描述、水文地质条件与生态状况的关系、多重界面水分转换机制及其生态效应、含水层中地下水各种物理化学过程的生态效应和气候变化对地下水的影响及其生态响应等问题。生态水文地质学必将在中国实施可持续发展战略的过程中发挥巨大的作用。     

太湖流域某地区浅层地下水有机污染特征

对太湖流域某地区浅层地下水有机污染特征进行了总结，并就污染来源、污染途径和典型污染源附近浅层地下水有机污染特征等问题进行了研究。研究结果表明，该地区浅层地下水中各组分的检出率较高，但检出浓度较低，除苯在个别采样点处超出美国环保局（EPA）饮用水标准外，其余卤代烃和单环芳烃组分均没有超标；平面分布上，卤代烃和单环芳烃各组分的浓度高值点大都集中于该地区东南部的工业区内，这种空间分布特征与工业区的分布具有明显的一致性；垂向上有浅部地下水的污染程度相对较重、深部地下水较轻的特点；典型污染源周边浅层地下水的污染程度较重，但随着采样点远离污染源，地下水中各有机污染组分的浓度迅速衰减。     

向海湿地沉积芯重金属对流域环境污染示踪

选取霍林河下游向海沼泽湿地为研究对象，采用得力沉积芯采样钻钻孔采样与剖面切割采样相结合的方法，采集了10个沉积柱芯及剖面，以沉积物重金属元素Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni、Co、Pb、Fe、Mn及pH、TOC在剖面中的分布进行高分辨率研究。结晶显示，剖面上部沉积物表层沉积序列内明显富集了Fe、Mn、Zn等重金属，并与TOC含量呈显著相关，与此相反，大多数沉积柱芯下层的重金属含量相对较低。研究表明，高分辨率取样易找出元素间相关性，那些水源来自同一相对稳定外源输入的沉积柱芯中的重金属与TOC表现出更显著的相关性，越靠近河流、淹没频率直蒿，沼泽湿地表层沉积物中重金属元素含量趋向增高。     

甘肃省暴雨初探

着重分析甘肃省的暴雨特性与时空分布规律,列举了历年实测和调查最大点暴雨特征值,绘制了短历时暴雨～高程相关线、选配丁甘肃最大点暴雨外包线公式,对历年各时段最大暴雨均值、极值、Cv、Cs值等暴雨参数及典型暴雨时程分配和面时关系线等方面作了初步探讨。