Formation of a giant Zn–Pb deposit from hot brines injecting into a shallow oil–gas reservoir in sandstones,Jinding, southwestern China

The association between mineralisation and hydrocarbons in sedimentary basins is widely recognised, but the nature and significance of their relationships are not fully understood. This paper provides an example of metalliferous brines injecting into a palaeo‐oil–gas reservoir to form a world‐class Zn–Pb deposit (Jinding, China). Petrographic and microthermometric studies of oil inclusions and PVT simulations suggest that oil and gas were charged in a shallow (<1300 m) environment before mineralisation. This environment favoured bacterial sulphate reduction (BSR), which produced large amounts of H₂S that accumulated in the gas cap. Forceful injection of hot brines penetrated the oil zone to reach the H₂S‐rich gas cap and precipitated sulphide ores. Individual fluid injection events were short‐lived, and the reservoir was only partly and briefly heated to beyond the bacterial survival temperature. Episodic injection of metalliferous brines and sustained supply of H₂S through BSR resulted in the formation of a large Zn–Pb deposit.     

Astronomical time-scale for physical property records from Quaternary sediments of the northern North Atlantic

Deep sea sediment cores taken between 50° and 75°N in the North Atlantic, in water depths varying between 1340 and 3850 m, were examined to provide an astronomically calibrated late Quaternary time-scale based on physical property records. Magnetic susceptibility and gamma ray attenuation porosity evaluator (GRAPE) density changes of these cores revealed significant responses to orbital forcing in the eccentricity (100 kyr), obliquity (41 kyr) and precessional (23, 19 kyr) bands. At 75°N (Greenland Sea), a response to obliquity forcing was weak despite the fact that it should become more pronounced in sediments at high latitudes. Application of bandpass filtering at the obliquity period (41 kyr), however, showed that variance at this period did exist in the magnetic susceptibility record, but at a very low power. At 50°N stacked curves of magnetic susceptibility correlated strongly with the SPECMAP curve for the past 500 ka. Since about 65 ka, dropstone layers are recorded in both magnetic susceptibility and GRAPE data of Rockall Plateau sediments. Although Rockall Plateau sediments show peaks in physical properties that correlate with Heinrich events (H₁, H₂, H₄, H₅, H₆), such a relationship was not readily observed in Norwegian-Greenland Sea records. Heinrich events at Rockall Plateau sites indicate a northward flow of icebergs in the eastern North Atlantic. This flow pattern and the presence of Heinrich events during the past 65 ka raise the questions of whether similar events occurred before this time period, and to what kind of ice sheet dynamics and climatic-oceanographic conditions favoured major iceberg surges from the Laurentide ice sheet to the North Atlantic at 50°N.     

甘肃黄土的粒度分维特征及意义

依据分形理论分析了甘肃黄土粒度分布的分形结构特征。黄土具有良好的统计自相似性。随着空间位置和黄土形成时代的不同,黄土的分形结构特征有明显的变化特征,其分维值介于2.29至2.56之间;且粒度分维值的大小与分选好坏密切相关,即:分选系数大则分维值大,反之则分维值小。这表明黄土的粒度分维在一定程度上可以反映黄土的形成演化特征。在此基础上进一步研究了黄土粒度分维与干密度、孔隙比、湿陷系数之间的定量关系,指出黄土分维值可以定量表征黄土的物理、水理性质。与地形地貌、水文和气候等因素一样,它也可作为自然区划的一个主要指标。     

流体相分离的深度(压力)-温度场特征及其对热液矿床定位的意义

大量的流体包裹体研究表明,流体相分离作用是造成热液矿床矿质沉淀的重要机制之一。本文对几种常见的成矿流体相分离深度-温度场特征进行了讨论,包括不同流体体系在不同深度、温度条件下的相分离曲线的特征,盐类及二氧化碳对流体相分离场的影响以及不同压力状态下相分离场的差异。在此基础上,通过一些钨锡矿床的流体包裹体研究实例,讨论了流体相分离深度-温度场对矿床的定位(尤其是矿床的产出部位与岩体接触带的距离)的意义。     

浅埋硬土层小截面短桩沉桩分析

在地层比较特殊的地段,往往由于经验及对地质情况认识不深而出现沉桩困难、桩头开裂等现象。文章针对浅埋硬土层采用小截面短桩情况,应用静力触探测试指标计算沉桩阻力,结合考虑桩身强度的方法进行沉桩分析,并统计了不同锤型入持力层不同深度的实际锤击数,为以后类似工程的选锤提供参考。     

卧式椭球盐岩储气库理论解及设计参数分析

我国的层状盐岩储层具有岩层厚度薄、夹层含量多、杂质含量高的特点,盐层厚度较薄时立式盐岩储气库有时难以获得较为经济的溶腔体积,通过提高储气库水平方向尺寸而建造的卧式储气库则可以达到经济体积的要求。从力学稳定性角度探讨卧式储气库的可行性,提出了卧式椭球储气库的力学简化模型。在前期研究的基础上使用弹性理论方法,推导了卧式椭球上关键点处以椭球形状比s（水平半轴与竖直半轴之比）、材料泊松比 、腔体内压 和远场应力（ 、 、 ）为函数的应力解。对理论解和数值解进行了对比,结果表明二者误差平均在3%左右。使用推导得到的理论公式,结合DP屈服准则,计算了当椭球形状比一定时储气库的最小运营内压值,得到了椭球形状比与储气库最小运营内压的关系曲线,并对卧式储气库运营内压的稳压范围进行了简单讨论。     

泥河湾盆地井儿洼剖面揭示的47～25 ka BP期间的气候环境演化

利用泥河湾盆地井儿洼剖面孢粉、粒度、碳酸盐含量、介形类壳体的δ18O及δ13C等多种环境代用指标,对泥河湾盆地47～25kaBP期间的古气候环境特征进行了探讨。结果表明,47～39kaBP期间,植被生长稀疏,降水较少,气候冷干。39～30kaBP期间,森林植被发育,入湖的粗颗粒物质增多,表明降水较多。同时介形类的大量繁殖造成碳酸盐含量的显著增高,以及介形类壳体δ18O和δ13C相对偏负,说明当时湖水的水热组合适宜,气候总体暖湿。自30kaBP开始,气候逐步恶化;25kaBP左右,井儿洼剖面沉积中断,气候转为冷干。总体而言,39～30kaBP期间,泥河湾盆地的气候暖湿,其暖湿的气候特征与青藏高原和西北地区的气候具有较好的一致性。     

Hyperstatic reaction method for calculations of tunnels with horseshoe-shaped cross-section under the impact of earthquakes

Tunnels are now an integral part of the infrastructure in major cities around the world. For many reasons, these tunnels have horseshoe-shaped cross-sections with round top and flat bottom. This paper presents some improvements to the use of the Hyperstatic Reaction Method-HRM for analysing tunnels with horseshoe-shaped cross-sections when these tunnels operate under the influence of earthquakes, particularly in cases when the tunnel lining is a continuous lining. The analysis used parameters of a tunnel from the Hanoi metro system, as well as parameters of the strongest earthquake that may occur in the central Hanoi area in the improved HRM and 2 D numerical methods using the ABAQUS software. On the basis of the results obtained, the paper gives conclusions about the HRM methodology when it is used to calculate tunnels that have horseshoe cross-sections operating under the influence of earthquakes.     

Stone cover and slope factors influencing hillside surface runoff and infiltration: laboratory investigation

In this study, laboratory rainfall simulation in an extensive area was used to study the infiltration, and interception and storage from surface runoff in points with different stone cover percentages (0, 10, 20 and 30%) and slopes (5°, 10° and 20°). The experimental results of this study showed that the interrelationships among the slope, stone cover percentage, groundwater level, surface runoff amount, and interception and storage of the ponds were varied and irregular. No systematic patterns were detected for the change in the groundwater level, surface runoff amount, and interception and storage of the ponds with different stone cover percentages at different slopes and no threshold values were apparent. For a 5° slope, if the stone cover percentage was increased, the amount of surface runoff was reduced, the infiltration and the groundwater level experienced no significant change, and the interception and storage of the ponds increased. For a 10° slope, if the stone cover percentage was increased, the amount of surface runoff increased, the infiltration decreased, the groundwater level experienced no significant change or decreased slightly at certain points, and the interception and storage of the ponds increased. For a 20° slope, if the stone cover percentage was increased, the amount of runoff increased, the infiltration decreased, the groundwater level experienced no significant change or decreased slightly at certain points, and the interception and storage of the ponds increased. With or without stone cover, when the hydraulic conductivity of the top material is close to that of fine sand or laterite, an increase in the slope gradient decreased the amount of surface runoff and increased the storage amount of the ponds. As for the stone distribution, an interlaced style showed better performance in the interception and storage of ponds than that of a regular style. There was no significant change in the groundwater level. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Residential satisfaction and the propensity to move: an analysis of potential movers from marginal settlements in Costa Rica

The authors use 1974 survey data from three marginal communities in the city of Limon, Costa Rica, to examine the propensity of settlers in such communities to move voluntarily. In particular, the concept of residential satisifaction is examined and refined