2013年芦山MS7.0地震的震前及临震应变异常

距离芦山地震震中70 km的姑咱地震台YRY四分量钻孔应变仪2013年4月16—19日记录到8次幅度达到十倍固体潮幅的张性应变阶跃, 这在该仪器6年多运行期间尚属首次. 这些应变异常与芦山地震在时间、 空间上相关; 应变异常的主压应力方向与震前宝兴水压致裂地应力测量主压应力方向相近, 并与震前5个月中长达3个月的应变异常主压应力方向一致; 应变阶跃起始与远震震波同时到达. 综上认为, 4月16—19日的应变异常有可能是芦山地震发震断裂在破裂错动前地层蠕滑的反映.      

Knowledge, power, and tribal mapping: a critical analysis of the “return of the Truku people”

Over the past decade, Indigenous peoples in Taiwan have shown a strong desire for the ??return of the Native??; this includes the Truku people in eastern Taiwan. Seizing a favorable climate of political opportunity structure in 2004, the Truku people first succeeded in obtaining the Taiwanese government??s recognition as an independent Indigenous nation??formerly considered a subgroup of the Atayal Nation. Then, riding on accumulated political resources, a few Truku elites started to engage in a government-initiated tribal mapping project. However, while tribal mapping originated in some North American Indigenous communities with a bottom-up process and spirit, the Taiwanese government sent both money (through the municipal government) and an academic expert team into the community to initiate and to assist (the elite group) with the tribal mapping project. These top-down government initiatives resulted in at least two major ill effects. First of all, two other subgroups of the Atayal Nation living in the same region were systematically excluded from the tribal mapping project, to the extent that their own traditional territories became part of the traditional territory of the newly formed Truku Nation. Secondly, possibly expecting a high political payoff on the part of elites, elite competition arose during the process of tribal mapping, with the interests of other community members largely ignored. As such, instead of establishing a decolonizing force, the ??return of the Truku?? appears to have achieved ??colonialism from within.?? This paper analyzes this process and considers ways to develop a more democratic strategy for the ??return of the Truku.??     

利用三维激光扫描技术监测矿区桥梁结构形变

利用三维激光扫描技术测得的建筑物点云数据能够较清晰地表示建筑物的三维空间信息,提供高精度、高密度的建筑物表面描述。点云本身不直接显示自身所包含的特征信息,在进行局部形变提取时,需要进行点云分割工作。现有的应用于建(构)筑物的分割算法大多依赖于建(构)筑物特征设定突变阈值,当遇到复杂场景时,这些假设往往会导致错误。随着机器学习在点云处理领域的延伸,建(构)筑物点云数据边界的识别和分割有了新的实现思路。本文以某矿区工作面上方铁路桥两期三维激光扫描数据为例,采用神经网络方法对桥拱钢结构实行分割提取,在对1000万个标记桥梁点云数据进行训练后,神经网络模型可以学习操作人员识别点云中各点的属性并进行标记,并提取两期数据中的钢结构点云;对使用神经网络分割出的桥拱钢结构点云进行分析,通过对钢结构底边线进行特征线拟合、长度提取,计算钢结构的位移及拉伸量,并结合桥拱位移、形变量分析桥梁形变。研究表明:使用神经网络模型对标记数据进行训练可以有效识别建(构)筑物特征,并应用于建(构)筑物局部形变分析。     

西施舌生长的研究

于 1998年 11月至 2 0 0 2年 12月 ,在福建长乐对西施舌 (Coelemactraantiguata)的生物学特征进行测定 ,以人工养殖方法观察其周年生长情况。观测结果表明 ,长乐沿海西施舌的群体组成以体长 6 1～ 110mm占优势 ,其频率 ( fn)为 0 .14 0～ 0 .2 2 2～ 0 .12 5。不同大小的西施舌 ,软体部肥满度指数 (CI)具有明显的季节差异。 1龄西施舌月平均体长增长 4 .0 5mm ;2龄的为 2 .31mm ;3龄的为 1.83mm ;1～ 3龄为成体生长发育阶段 ,3龄之后趋向衰老。不同发育生长阶段的壳高与壳长直线回归关系 :幼虫期H =0 .994L - 13.0 7;稚贝期H =0 .90 5L - 4.76 ;幼贝期H =0 .0 14 +0 .82 4L ;成贝期H =0 .36 7+0 .72 4L。     

Characteristics of Seafloor Morphology and Ferromanganese Nodule Occurrence in the Korea Deep-sea Environmental Study (KODES) Area,NE Equatorial Pacific

Abstract

Seafloor morphology and ferromanganese nodule occurrence were studied using a multibeam side scan sonar (SeaBeam, 2000) and a deep-sea camera system in the Korea Deep-sea Environmental Study (KODES) area, northeast equatorial Pacific. Seafloor morphology and nodule abundance are highly variable even in this small study area. The NNE-SSW oriented hills are parallel and about 100–200 m high. Valleys are very flat-floored, while hilltops are rugged with depressions of tens of meters. Cliffs to about 100 m bound the valleys and the hills. The study area can be classified into three types based both on nodule occurrence and seafloor morphology, mostly G- and B-types and some M-type. G-type is characterized by high nodule abundance, ubiquitous bioturbation, and flat seafloor morphology, while B-type is characterized by irregular-shaped nodules, variable nodule abundance, occurrence of giant nodules and sediment lumps, rugged bottom morphology with depressions, and white calcareous surface sediments. Medium nodule abundance and a generally flat seafloor characterize M-type. G-type occurs mostly in the valley regions, while B-type is on the hilltop areas. M-type is located between the hilltop and the valley. Tectonic movement of the Pacific plate resulted in the elongated abyssal hills and cliffs. The rugged morphology on hilltops resulted from erosion and redistribution of surface siliceous sediments on hilltops by bottom currents, outcropping of underlying calcareous sediments, and dissolution of the carbonate sediments by corrosive bottom water undersaturated with CaCO₃. Sediment eroded from the hills, which is relatively young and organic-rich, is deposited in the valleys, and diagenetic metal supply to manganese nodules in the valley area is more active than on the hills. We suggest that tectonic movement ultimately constrains morphology, surface sediment facies, bottom currents and sediment redistribution, bioturbation, thickness of the sedimentary layer, and other conditions, which are all interrelated and control nodule occurrence. The best potential area for mining in the study area is the G-type valley zones with about 3–4 km width and NNW-SSE orientation.     

铁轨下采空区上覆地基稳定性分析

采空区上覆岩体在不能承受二次分布的应力时产生跨落塌陷,危及到地表,造成地表建筑物和设施的损坏。采空区上覆建筑物地基稳定性分析是预防灾害的前提和基础。应用采空区上覆建筑物临界安全加载深度法对某矿区上覆铁路地基稳定性进行分析,得出对研究区内H1巷道上覆地基稳定,不需要加固治理,采空区C1和C2上覆地基不稳定,需要加固治理,该结论为预防大规模灾害的发生和治理资源的分配提供了依据。     

庐江县沙溪斑岩铜矿外围成矿预测研究

由于铜资源的紧缺,铜矿一直作为急需勘查重要资源。沙溪斑岩型铜矿床经过近几年的勘查,目前已达到大型规模,作者通过对沙溪矿区及外围的地质、地球物理和地球化学系统综合研究、分析,对沙溪矿区及外围进行了预测,并确立了找矿靶区。     

粗粒沉积及其储层表征的发展历程与热点问题探讨*

随着全球化石能源消费的不断增长,常规砂岩与碳酸盐岩大中型油气田的勘探举步维艰,砂砾岩这种粗粒沉积的特殊油气藏再次走进勘探家的视野。近年来,中国砂砾岩储集层展现出巨大的油气潜力,尤其是新疆准噶尔盆地玛湖大型砾岩油藏的发现,亟待开展针对性的研究。作者梳理了全球粗粒沉积研究的发展历程,将其划分为: 概念形成的萌芽(1885-1947)、成因分析的快速发展(1948-1987)以及理论形成的工业应用(1988至今)3个主要阶段,每个阶段均表现为科学家对粗粒沉积的热点与瓶颈问题进行了聚焦分析与探讨,由实际现象或油气田的发现引发出问题,开展成因探讨,形成理论后再指导实践的科学发展过程。综合每个阶段的研究主题以及代表性文章和事件,并结合作者长期研究过程中的思考,提出了当前粗粒沉积所面临的关键性热点问题与今后研究方向的建议,主要包括: 古地形特征与坡度、沉积成因机制、相带与微相划分、水槽模拟实验、砾岩成岩作用、测井解释瓶颈、地震处理与解释以及定量地质知识库建立的需求等。     

华南花岗岩风化壳中稀土元素地球化学及矿石性质研究

华南稀土花岗岩风化壳主要可分为腐值层、全风化层和半风化层。在岩石的风化淋滤过程中，稀土以水合或羟基水合离子吸附在全风化层中的主要矿物埃洛石和高岭石等粘土矿物上。这些层状粘土矿物具有取代结构和断面余键两个吸附活性中心。量子化学计算表明两个吸附活性中心对不同稀土的吸附能力为：Ｌａ＾３＋〉Ｃｅ＾３＋〉Ｐｒ＾３＋〉Ｎｄ＾３＋〉Ｓｍ＾３＋〉Ｅｕ＾３＋〉Ｇｄ＾３＋〉Ｔｂ＾３＋〉Ｄｙ＾３＋〉Ｈｏ＾３＋〉Ｙ＾３＋