A new weighting function for estimating microwave sounding unit channel 4 temperature trends simulated by CMIP5 climate models

A new static microwave sounding unit (MSU) channel 4 weighting function is obtained from using Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project, Phase 5 (CMIP5) historical multimodel simulations as inputs into the fast Radiative Transfer Model for TOVS (RTTOV v10). For the same CMIP5 model simulations, it is demonstrated that the computed MSU channel 4 brightness temperature (T4) trends in the lower stratosphere over both the globe and the tropics using the proposed weighting function are equivalent to those calculated by RTTOV, but show more cooling than those computed using the traditional UAH (University of Alabama at Huntsville) or RSS (Remote Sensing Systems in Santa Rosa, California) static weighting functions. The new static weighting function not only reduces the computational cost, but also reveals reasons why trends using a radiative transfer model are different from those using a traditional static weighting function. This study also shows that CMIP5 model simulated T4 trends using the traditional UAH or RSS static weighting functions show less cooling than satellite observations over the globe and the tropics. Although not completely removed, this difference can be reduced using the proposed weighting function to some extent, especially over the tropics. This work aims to explore the reasons for the trend differences and to see to what extent they are related to the inaccurate weighting functions. This would also help distinguish other sources for trend errors and thus better understand the climate change in the lower stratosphere.     

Spatiotemporal characteristics,patterns and causes of land use changes in China since the late 1980s简

Land-use/land-cover changes （LUCCs） have links to both human and nature inter- actions. China＇s Land-Use/cover Datasets （CLUDs） were updated regularly at 5-year inter- vals from the late 1980s to 2010, with standard procedures based on Landsat TM／ETM＋ im- ages. A land-use dynamic regionalization method was proposed to analyze major land-use conversions. The spatiotemporal characteristics, differences, and causes of land-use changes at a national scale were then examined. The main findings are summarized as fol- lows. Land-use changes （LUCs） across China indicated a significant variation in spatial and temporal characteristics in the last 20 years （1990-2010）. The area of cropland change de- creased in the south and increased in the north, but the total area remained almost un- changed. The reclaimed cropland was shifted from the northeast to the northwest. The built-up lands expanded rapidly, were mainly distributed in the east, and gradually spread out to central and western China. Woodland decreased first, and then increased, but desert area was the opposite. Grassland continued decreasing. Different spatial patterns of LUC in China were found between the late 20th century and the early 21st century. The original 13 LUC zones were replaced by 15 units with changes of boundaries in some zones. The main spatial characteristics of these changes included （1） an accelerated expansion of built-up land in the Huang-Huai-Hai region, the southeastern coastal areas, the midstream area of the Yangtze River, and the Sichuan Basin; （2） shifted land reclamation in the north from northeast China and eastern Inner Mongolia to the oasis agricultural areas in northwest China; （3） continuous transformation from rain-fed farmlands in northeast China to paddy fields; and （4） effective- ness of the ＂Grain for Green＂ project in the southern agricultural-pastoral ecotones of Inner Mongolia, the Loess Plateau, and southwestern mountainous areas. In the last two decades, although climate change in the north affected the change in cropland, policy regulation and economic driving forces were still the primary causes of LUC across China. During the first decade of the 21st century, the anthropogenic factors that drove variations in land-use pat- terns have shifted the emphasis from one-way land development to both development and conservation. The ＂dynamic regionalization method＂ was used to analyze changes in the spatial patterns of zoning boundaries, the internal characteristics of zones, and the growth and decrease of units. The results revealed ＂the pattern of the change process,＂ namely the process of LUC and regional differences in characteristics at different stages. The growth and decrease of zones during this dynamic LUC zoning, variations in unit boundaries, and the characteristics of change intensities between the former and latter decades were examined. The patterns of alternative transformation between the ＂pattern＂ and ＂process＂ of land use and the causes for changes in different types and different regions of land use were explored.     

莺歌海盆地乐东区储层碳酸盐胶结物成因机理及与流体活动的关系

乐东A区中新统黄流组是南海北部莺歌海盆地高温超高压天然气勘探的主力层系,发育重力流水道-海底扇沉积的细、中、粗粒砂岩,中、低、特低渗物性特征,多期次、多类型碳酸盐胶结。研究碳酸盐胶结物类型、期次、成因机理及其与流体活动的关系,对于储层评价预测有重要意义。研究结果表明,碳酸盐胶结物表现为早、中、晚三期方解石与早、晚两期白云石,由早期到晚期,方解石及白云石的δ¹³C、δ¹⁸O值负偏增大,MnO、BaO、SrO等含量增高,早—中期方解石的形成与生物碎屑、碳酸盐矿物溶解再沉淀有关;晚期铁方解石、(铁)白云石的形成与深部热流体、无机CO₂、有机酸脱羧有关。方解石的溶解-沉淀受地层压力及CO₂含量共同控制,地层压力与天然气组分中CO₂含量相对较高,溶解作用较强,(铁)白云石发育;反之则溶解作用较弱,(铁)方解石发育。     

基于耳石微结构的黄、渤海蓝点马鲛幼鱼日龄与生长

鱼类的生长是影响群体资源量的要素,研究鱼类的生长规律是开展资源评估工作的基础。本研究依据2016年9–1 0月和2017年8–1 0月在黄渤海采集的当年生蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)幼鱼,通过耳石微结构分析,确定了蓝点马鲛孵化期,建立了生长模型并估算了生长率。结果显示,幼鱼日龄范围为64～151 d,孵化日期为5月3日至6月15日,高峰期集中在5月20日至6月3日。叉长和体质量的生长符合Logistic生长模型。叉长平均绝对生长率和特定生长率分别为2.45 mm/d和0.85%/d,生长率随着日龄增大而小幅度减小。体质量平均绝对生长率和特定生长率分别为5.33 g/d和2.68%/d,最大绝对生长率和最大特定生长率分别出现在111～120 d和91～100 d。本研究表明,蓝点马鲛幼鱼生长随日龄发生变化,早期生长较以往进一步加快。     

Study on Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Wave Turbulent Bottom Boundary Layer Using A Large-Sized Wave Flume

China Ocean Engineering - Experimental studies were conducted in a super-large wave flume, aiming at uncovering the hydrodynamic characteristics involved in the turbulent wave boundary layer of...     

Formation of a giant Zn–Pb deposit from hot brines injecting into a shallow oil–gas reservoir in sandstones,Jinding, southwestern China

The association between mineralisation and hydrocarbons in sedimentary basins is widely recognised, but the nature and significance of their relationships are not fully understood. This paper provides an example of metalliferous brines injecting into a palaeo‐oil–gas reservoir to form a world‐class Zn–Pb deposit (Jinding, China). Petrographic and microthermometric studies of oil inclusions and PVT simulations suggest that oil and gas were charged in a shallow (<1300 m) environment before mineralisation. This environment favoured bacterial sulphate reduction (BSR), which produced large amounts of H₂S that accumulated in the gas cap. Forceful injection of hot brines penetrated the oil zone to reach the H₂S‐rich gas cap and precipitated sulphide ores. Individual fluid injection events were short‐lived, and the reservoir was only partly and briefly heated to beyond the bacterial survival temperature. Episodic injection of metalliferous brines and sustained supply of H₂S through BSR resulted in the formation of a large Zn–Pb deposit.     

基于三维空间的电力设施灾害数据挖掘

近年来,随着电子、计算机等技术的飞速发展,三维GIS的应用渐趋成熟,以往设想中的许多应用逐渐成为了现实。比如城市应急反应、虚拟旅游、智能交通、城市规划与设计等领域中,三维GIS都有广泛成熟的应用。尤其是在电力行业的应用中,三维技术除了能更好地展现三维场景、电力模型等,还能够和灾害模型相结合,进行电力设施灾害结果预测等。本文提出的基于三维空间的灾害数据挖掘方法,涉及灾害分布空间分析和空间数据挖掘的方法,是一种在三维地理信息技术下灾害分布情况对于电力设施影响程度的数据挖掘方法。     

新疆塔什库尔干县达布太尔地区二叠纪孢粉化石的发现及其地质意义

新疆维吾尔自治区塔什库尔干县达布太尔地区位于印度板块与欧亚板块结合部的西昆仑造山带,是研究喀喇昆仑山-昆仑山地质演化的重要地区之一。由于西昆仑地区处于中亚腹地的高寒缺氧地带,自然条件差,交通不便,野外地质调查研究十分困难,区域地质研究程度较低,达布太尔地区沉积地层中一直没有获得可靠微体化石证据。经笔者的室内、外地质调查与研究,在达布太尔地区发现了内点囊三缝孢Endosporites punctatus Gao,雅致韦氏粉 Wilsonites delicatus (Kosanke) Kosanke,多孔柯达粉 Cordaitina spongiosa (Luber ) Samolovich,马什阿里粉 Alisporites mathalensis Clarke,卵形侧囊粉 Sulcatisporites ovatus (Balme and Hennelly) Balme,以及光面和点状孢子Leiotriletes 和Punctatisporites 等二叠纪孢子花粉化石。从上述化石组合特征看,这些孢子花粉化石基本属于华夏植物地理区类型。结合前人对该区生物地层和同位素年代学的研究,笔者认为塔什库尔干县达布太尔地区原划为二叠纪的碎屑岩沉积地层可能为包含了志留纪、二叠纪及其它时代岩层的混杂地层体。     

东亚副热带西风急流的时间演变特征及其与中国东部夏季降水的关系

为深入了解东亚副热带西风急流与中国天气系统之间的联系,利用1961-2007年美国国家环境预报中心（NCAR／NCEP）再分析月资料和同期中国596站的降水资料,运用经一纬向急流轴和区域平均两种定义方法分析了西风急流的时间演变特征及其与中国东部降水型的关系,结果表明：（1）两种方法对西风急流东西、南北位置转折时段的分析很接近,分别出现在20世纪80年代和70年代;对西风急流强度、南北位置周期的表征也很一致,分别为10-15年和5-10年。（2）当西风急流位置偏北（南）时,东部地区整层大气环流呈“南北上升中间下沉（南北下沉中间上升）”的形势,850hPa的流场和水汽通量输送都有利于华北地区（江淮河流）的降水,易于形成“南北多中间少（南北少中间多）”的雨带分布,推测这两种反相位雨型的间隔时间为2．5-5年;相比之下,急流东西位置和强度的周期性变化与东部局地降水存在一定联系。     

一种采用稀疏促进的高光谱影像端元提取方法

利用稀疏促进原理以及高光谱影像端元提取传统算法,结合线性光谱混合模型,提出了一种采用稀疏促进的高光谱影像端元提取方法.该方法不需要预先对端元数量进行估计,也不需要假设影像中存在纯像元.利用模拟数据以及真实高光谱影像对提出方法、ICE算法和NMF算法进行了对比实验分析.实验结果表明:提出方法能稳定地从影像中提取端元并同时...