东北黑土区保护性耕作的发展现状与成效研究

东北黑土区承担着国家粮食安全“稳压器”的重要责任。然而,由于长期超负荷开发利用导致黑土日益退化,黑土资源的永续利用受到严重制约。理论与实践证明,保护性耕作是保护黑土地、推动黑土耕地质量和耕作效益绿色增长的发展模式。综述了保护性耕作的基本内涵及其在东北黑土区的发展现状与技术概况,从保护性耕作在土壤保持、保墒效益、结构改善、固碳培肥和土壤生物多样性增加、节本增效等方面系统评估了东北黑土区实施保护性耕作后的生态与经济效益,提出黑土区实施保护性耕作存在的问题与未来发展方向,以促进黑土地保护与利用协调发展、推动保护性耕作高质量跨越式发展。     

南太行——中条山植物区系地理研究

南太行—中条山地区是中国种子植物区系研究薄弱地区之一。本区约有种子植物1627种,隶属618属142科。通过该区种子植物各类地理成分分析及与相关地区的比较,得出:本地区植物区系具有温带区系特点,又具有温带向亚热带区系过渡性质,是华北植物区系分区南部亚区的一条重要界线。该地区存在许多古老及残遗植物,表明该区系起源古老,同时也是产生新分化的中心之一。     

大兴安岭北段洛古河地区晚寒武世花岗岩的岩石成因及其对兴蒙造山带构造演化的约束

大兴安岭北段早古生代花岗岩主要分布于漠河—塔河一线。对漠河北部洛古河二长花岗岩开展岩石年代学与岩石地球化学研究。二长花岗岩中锆石为岩浆成因,LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年表明,其形成时代为晚寒武世（486±3 Ma）。岩石具高硅（SiO2=62.75%~73.32%）、富碱（ALK=8.30%~9.45%）、高铝（Al2O3=13.97%~16.53%）、低镁、低钙和低钛的特点,铝饱和指数A/CNK为0.91~1.10,属偏铝质高钾钙碱性岩石系列。SiO2与Al2O3和P2O5具有较好的负相关性;富集Rb、Th、U、K、Zr、Hf等元素,而强烈亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti等元素,球粒陨石标准化的稀土元素配分曲线图中呈轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损的右倾型配分模式,显示了Ⅰ型花岗岩特征。综合分析认为,洛古河岩体形成于西伯利亚板块南缘与额尔古纳等微陆块碰撞造山晚期由挤压体制向拉张体制转换的后碰撞构造环境。     

政府规划约束下的城市空间增长多智能体模拟模型

构建政府规划约束下的包含多种类型智能体和环境因素的城市空间增长多智能体模拟模型,通过居民、开发商和政府三类智能体之间以及智能体与环境之间的相互作用模拟了城市空间增长情况。模型将城市建设用地规划区纳入政府的土地利用政策,探讨了政府规划因素对城市建设用地增长的影响,并根据土地集约利用的原则对模拟结果进行了优化。在Repast和ArcGIS的实验环境下,以南京市中心城区(长江以南)为研究区设置了四组土地利用情景,模拟了2001-2007年研究区的城市建设用地增长情况,对比不同情景下模型的模拟精度,说明正确合理的政府规划引导对城市空间增长的重要作用以及对模拟结果进行优化的必要性。该模型有助于揭示城市空间增长机制,为政府宏观调控政策和规划制定提供参考。     

Measuring place-based accessibility under travel time uncertainty

Travel time uncertainty has significant impacts on individual activity-travel scheduling, but at present these impacts have not been considered in most accessibility studies. In this paper, an accessibility evaluation framework is proposed for urban areas with uncertain travel times. A reliable space-time service region (RSTR) model is introduced to represent the space-time service region of a facility under travel time uncertainty. Based on the RSTR model, four reliable place-based accessibility measures are proposed to evaluate accessibility to urban services by incorporating the effects of travel time reliability. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework, a case study using large-scale taxi tracking data is carried out. The results of the case study indicate that the proposed accessibility measures can evaluate large-scale place-based accessibility well in urban areas with uncertain travel times. Conventional place-based accessibility indicators ignoring travel time reliability can significantly overestimate the accessibility to urban services.     

乌兰布和沙漠东北缘地表风沙流结构特征

在国家林业局磴口荒漠生态站长期监测的基础上,利用多种积沙仪,对乌兰布和沙漠东北缘流动沙丘、油蒿半固定沙丘、白刺半固定沙丘、油蒿固定沙丘、白刺固定沙丘5种典型下垫面近地面（0～100 cm）的风沙流输沙量进行了实地观测和对比分析。结果表明：（1） 输沙率（q）随高度（h）增加呈幂函数（q=ah^-b,R²≥0.8409）规律衰减,随风速（v）增大呈幂函数（q=av^b,R²≥0.9256）规律增加,42.8%～70.7%的输沙量分布在10 cm高度内,67.6%～90.0%的输沙量分布于30 cm高度内。当地表植被盖度达到40%以上时,输沙率下降至无植被覆盖地表输沙率的6.6%以下,可有效阻止地表风蚀。（2） 沙物质主要由粒径为50～250 μm的细沙和极细沙构成,各高度层风蚀物粒度组成服从单峰态分布,峰值在100～250 μm。随高度增加,风蚀物粒径范围趋于变窄,粒径趋于更细。（3） 起沙风多出现在WSW和NW方向,占全年起沙风的53.19%。风沙流中跃移输沙、蠕移输沙的空间分布在理论上应与风向频率分布基本一致,差异性主要由各方位风的强度和持续时间等因素导致。研究结果可为该区域防沙工程设计提供理论参考。     

新疆对中亚五国的外贸结构,问题及对策

本文在分析新疆对中亚五国的外贸结构基础上，阐述了目前在与中亚五国的贸易中存在的一些问题，提出相应的对策建议，以推动新疆与中亚五国外贸发展的良性循环。     

中国不同区域能源消费碳足迹的时空变化(英文)

Study on regional carbon emission is one of the hot topics under the background of global climate change and low-carbon economic development, and also help to establish different low-carbon strategies for different regions. On the basis of energy consumption and land use data of different regions in China from 1999 to 2008, this paper established carbon emission and carbon footprint models based on total energy consumption, and calculated the amount of carbon emissions and carbon footprint in different regions of China from 1999 to 2008. The author also analyzed carbon emission density and per unit area carbon footprint for each region. Finally, advices for decreasing carbon footprint were put forward. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Carbon emissions from total energy consumption increased 129% from 1999 to 2008 in China, but its spatial distribution pattern among different regions just slightly changed, the sorting of carbon emission amount was: Eastern China > Northern China > Central and Southern China > Southwest China > Northwest China. (2) The sorting of carbon emission density was: Eastern China > Northeast China > Central and Southern China > Northern China > Southwest China > Northwest China from 1999 to 2003, but from 2004 Central and Southern China began to have higher carbon emission density than Northeast China, the order of other regions did not change. (3) Carbon footprint increased significantly since the rapid increasing of carbon emissions and less increasing area of pro-ductive land in different regions of China from 1999 to 2008. Northern China had the largest carbon footprint, and Northwest China, Eastern China, Northern China, Central and Southern China followed in turn, while Southwest China presented the lowest area of carbon footprint and the highest percentage of carbon absorption. (4) Mainly influenced by regional land area, Northern China presented the highest per unit area carbon footprint and followed by Eastern China, and Northeast China; Central and Southern China, and Northwest China had a similar medium per unit area carbon footprint; Southwest China always had the lowest per unit area carbon footprint. (5) China faced great ecological pressure brought by carbon emission. Some measures should be taken both from reducing carbon emission and increasing carbon absorption.     

天山山区典型内陆河流域径流组分特征分析

通过对天山南北坡的两个典型流域降水、地下水、河流、融冰雪水δD和δ¹⁸O及水化学检测,基于同位素径流分割模型定量分析了年内径流组分特征。结果表明：（1）两条河流的径流组成中地下水为构成径流的主要成分,其次是冰川融水,融雪水及降水,但南北坡径流组分表现出较明显的差异,乌鲁木齐河流域中冰川融水的比重要大于黄水沟流域,对气候变化响应明显。（2）两条河流在不同季节径流组分也表现出较大差异,春季径流组分差异最为明显。     

粤港澳大湾区气溶胶对白天城市热岛强度的影响

以粤港澳大湾区为例,利用卫星遥感资料结合大气化学模式模拟,分析2003―2018年城市热岛强度、气溶胶光学厚度的变化规律,定性和定量研究气溶胶对白天城市热岛强度的影响。结果表明：2003―2018年粤港澳大湾区城市热岛强度呈波动上升趋势,夏季热岛强度最大,冬季热岛强度最小;气溶胶光学厚度呈波动下降趋势,春季气溶胶光学厚度最大,冬季气溶胶光学厚度最小。在年际和季节尺度,城市热岛强度与城区、郊区气溶胶光学厚度之差均呈弱的正相关。基于WRF-Chem的模拟实验表明,气溶胶的存在导致城区、郊区地表向下总辐射减少、地表温度降低,且城区地表向下总辐射减少多于郊区、降温幅度大于郊区,进而导致了热岛强度减弱。气溶胶对城市热岛强度的贡献率为?2.187%,冬季贡献率绝对值略高于夏季。