一个两时间层分裂显格式海洋环流模式(MASNUM)及其检验

A two-time-level, three-dimensional numerical ocean circulation model（named MASNUM） was established with a two-level, single-step Eulerian forward-backward time-differencing scheme. A mathematical model of large-scale oceanic motions was based on the terrain-following coordinated, Boussinesq, Reynolds-averaged primitive equations of ocean dynamics. A simple but very practical Eulerian forward-backward method was adopted to replace the most preferred leapfrog scheme as the time-differencing method for both barotropic and baroclinic modes. The forward-backward method is of second-order of accuracy, computationally efficient by requiring only one function evaluation per time step, and free of the computational mode inherent in the three-level schemes. This method is superior to the leapfrog scheme in that the maximum time step of stability is twice as large as that of the leapfrog scheme in staggered meshes thus the computational efficiency could be doubled. A spatial smoothing method was introduced to control the nonlinear instability in the numerical integration. An ideal numerical experiment simulating the propagation of the equatorial Rossby soliton was performed to test the amplitude and phase error of this new model. The performance of this circulation model was further verified with a regional（northwest Pacific） and a quasi-global（global ocean simulation with the Arctic Ocean excluded） simulation experiments. These two numerical experiments show fairly good agreement with the observations. The maximum time step of stability in these two experiments were also investigated and compared between this model and that model which adopts the leapfrog scheme.     

褐藻纲海带目Laminaria属和Saccharina属基于三个分子标记的系统发育分析

In the past two decades, many studies have focused on the classification within genus Laminaria, ultimately trying to divide it into two subgroups or genera: Laminaria and Saccharina. A significant debate still surrounds the question of its division, as the conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses that have resulted from the classification studies are based on different taxon sampling, molecular markers, or analysis methods. It is aimed at elucidate the molecular phylogeny within Laminaria and Saccharina. The nine species of Laminariales are sampled from northern Asia and Europe, and 23 new sequences in the nuclear, plastid, and mitochondrial genomes are determined to identify their taxonomic status. The phylogenetic analyses of 71 species are performed, including representatives from six of the seven families of the order Laminariales, based on three separate data sets. An evidence is provided to strongly support a clear split that maintains the two recognized genera, Laminaria and Saccharina, with Laminaria appearing to be the ancestor group. Further, analyses indicate that all taxa in Saccharina and Laminaria did not form a monophyletic lineage, instead Laminariaceae and Lessoniaceae grouped together interlacedly, and Costariaceae appeared as the sister taxon of the Lessoniaceae–Laminariaceae clade. In the phylogenetic analysis, mitochondrial c oxidase I(COI) sequences appeared to be the most credible molecular marker which was more befitting than nuclear encoded internal transcribed spacer(ITS) and plastid encoded rbcL for establishment of Laminariales systematics. It is the most comprehensive phylogeny of the order Laminariales, and contributes to an enhanced understanding and estimation of the phylogenetic relationships for the economically important seaweeds, Laminaria and Saccharina.     

因子分析在海河流域石油类污染综合评价中的应用(英文)

基于因子分析对2012~2013年海河流域pH、DO、COD、BOD5、氨态氮和总石油烃等6项水质指标的监测数据进行统计,并对其中四项指标进行水污染综合指数评估,旨在对海河水质进行较为系统的评价。结果显示,BJ1和HB2两个站位水质属于Ⅳ类标准,其余各站位均为Ⅴ类;各站位综合评价结果得到海河流域指数为1.44,说明海河流域处于污染状态,其污染程度超过该流域功能区的标准。因子分析发现,COD、DO和NH3-N之间差异显著(P0.05);主成分分析显示,除pH和BOD5外,其余指标都在0.70以上;COD、DO、NH3-N和TPH的贡献率较高,其中总石油烃的贡献率为100%,因此可以认为该海域的污染类型属于有机污染,且石油烃污染较为突出。     

国内外雾预报技术研究进展

大雾是引起低能见度的主要天气现象.提高雾的预报技术水平是确保交通安全的重要措施.从统计和数值预报两个方面,回顾了过去几十年来国内外在雾预报技术上的主要研究进展,并总结了各种方法的特点及存在的缺陷.在某些情形下,新统计方法的应用提高了雾的预报准确率,但仍然无法摆脱统计方法本身的缺陷.相比较而言,数值模式在大雾预报方面具有更广泛的应用和更大的潜力.在目前的计算机水平下,使用高分辨率的一维雾模式与中尺度天气模式相结合的方法,在一定程度上可以提高雾的预报准确率,该方法在大雾易发区的机场及高速公路沿线具有重要的应用价值.随着计算机能力的不断提高,包含大雾形成和演变的各种复杂过程、具有先进资料同化过程的高分辨率三维雾模式,以及集合数值预报系统将是未来的发展方向.     

不同土壤水分对向日葵光合光响应的影响

以食用向日葵为试验材料,大田试验采取人为控制土壤水分在胁迫、适宜和过湿 (土壤田间持水量的40%~54.9%,55%~69.9%和70%~90%) 条件下,研究了向日葵3个生育期 (二对真叶—花序形成期、花序形成—开花期、开花—成熟期) 的光合光响应特性。结果表明:在试验设置光强条件下,各生育期净光合速率随着光合有效辐射的增加而增加,同等的光合有效辐射下净光合速率也随着土壤水分的减少依次降低,尤其是随着光合有效辐射的增大愈加明显。土壤湿度对最大净光合速率和表观量子效率的影响并不是同步的,最大净光合速率随着土壤湿度的增加而增大,而表观量子效率在一定程度的水分胁迫情况下出现最大值。不同的土壤水分含量对光补偿点和光饱和点影响不同,光饱和点随着土壤水分的增加而增加,光补偿点却相反,表明水分胁迫使向日葵可利用光的范围缩小,而适宜水分则扩大了光的利用范围,更有利于干物质积累。暗呼吸速率随着植物的生长进程逐渐降低,不同生育期的水分胁迫均导致暗呼吸速率降低。     

Signal acquisition of Luojia-1A low earth orbit navigation augmentation system with software defined receiver

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite navigation signal can be used as an opportunity signal in the case of a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) outage, or as ...     

遥感影像相对辐射校正方法及适用性研究

遥感影像相对辐射校正是一项基础的数据预处理工作,用于去除影像整体的辐射不均匀性、条带噪声、坏线等辐射问题,经过30多年的发展,已形成几十种不同的相对辐射校正方法和算法。面对种类众多的相对辐射校正方法,它们之间的区别和关联是什么,每种方法的特点是什么,如何选择合适的校正方法,是3个亟需解决的问题。围绕这3个问题,第一,本文以相对辐射校正系数获取的不同方式为原则,将现有的相对辐射校正方法分为3大类:定标法、统计法和综合法,使该分类体系能够反映各类校正方法的区别和关联。第二,在新的分类体系下,给出了定标法、统计法、综合法的数学模型表达,详细介绍了3类方法包含的每种具体的校正方法和算法,比较分析了每种方法的基本思想、原理和优缺点。第三,从影像辐射不均匀特征、影像几何特征、传感器定标、影像综合特征4个方面,对各种校正方法的适用性进行综合分析,给出了科学合理地选择相对辐射校正方法的建议,同时结合具体应用实例进行了实验验证。最后,分析了相对辐射校正研究的发展趋势和存在的问题,有效信息和噪声的计算机判定准则、相对辐射校正效果的评价体系、相对辐射校正对于后续的绝对辐射校正结果的影响是下一步需要深入研究的问题。     

嫦娥三号导航相机测图能力分析及地形重建

基于立体相机成像模型并结合相机参数对嫦娥三号导航相机3维测图能力进行分析,利用摄影测量原理和误差传播定律对巡视器30 m范围内的DEM精度进行了理论分析,推导出导航相机立体影像获得的采样点精度公式,并绘制了DEM的平面精度图和高程精度图;同时使用多线程技术开发了基于导航相机立体影像的地形快速重建算法,利用多线程技术完成影像的特征匹配和密集匹配,并通过分块内插生成DEM。该技术应用于嫦娥三号任务中,有力地支持了嫦娥三号遥操作路径规划相关任务。     

3维数字地球快速缓冲区分析算法

提出一种应用在3维数字地球中的通过图形处理器(GPU)快速实现矢量数据缓冲区分析的算法。使用一张4通道的纹理图作为容器将地理实体的矢量数据传入GPU,利用GPU的高效并行特性,将目标缓冲区纹理中的每个像素所对应的矢量坐标与原实体进行距离量算,在一次渲染中得到缓冲区纹理,最后提取出缓冲区纹理的边界。选择中国的流域和湖泊矢量数据,将本文算法与两种传统的CPU算法进行了缓冲区分析计算、测试和对比。结果显示,本文算法相对于传统矢量算法效率提高了9—16倍,相对于传统栅格算法效率提高11—20倍。实验证明,该算法计算简单,效果明显,特别是随着数据量增大,缓冲区计算速度显著优于传统算法,并能有效解决传统矢量法缓冲区分析中的数据自相交问题。     

The Characteristics of Atmospheric Ice Nuclei Measured at Different Altitudes in the Huangshan Mountains in Southeast China简

The concentration of ice nuclei （IN） and the relationship with aerosol particles were measured and analyzed using three 5-L mixing cloud chambers and a static diffusion cloud chamber at three altitudes in the Huangshan Mountains in Southeast China from May to September 2011.The results showed that the mean total number concentration of IN on the highest peak of the Huangshan Mountains at an activation temperature （Ta） of-20℃C was 16.6 L-1.When the supersaturation with respect to water （Sw） and with respect to ice （Si） were set to 5％,the average number concentrations of IN measured at an activation temperature of-20℃C by the static diffusion cloud chamber were 0.89 and 0.105 L-1,respectively.A comparison of the concentrations of IN at three different altitudes showed that the concentration of IN at the foot of the mountains was higher than at the peak.A further calculation of the correlation between IN and the concentrations of aerosol particles of different size ranges showed that the IN concentration was well correlated with the concentration of aerosol particles in the size range of 1.2-20 μtm.It was also found that the IN concentration varied with meteorological conditions,such as wind speed,with higher IN concentrations often observed on days with strong wind.An analysis of the backward trajectories of air masses showed that low IN concentrations were often related to air masses travelling along southwest pathways,while higher IN concentrations were usually related to those transported along northeast pathways.