国家数字地震台数据处理研究

为了突显被淹没在噪声背景下的有用信息,对国家数字地震台的数据处理方法进行了研究,并用Matlab程序给出了详细的设计过程。     

2004年12月26日印尼地震海啸与全球低温

气候潮汐循环说和海震调温说,阐明了冷气候、强潮汐和强震相互对应的物理机制,对2000年地球进入拉马德雷冷位相后的气候预测有重大科学意义.中国连续18年暖冬的终结是2000年地球进入拉马德雷冷位相和印尼发生地震海啸的合理结果.规律表明,在拉马德雷冷位相时期,全球强震、低温、飓风伴随拉尼娜、全球性流感伴随厄尔尼诺将越来越强烈.在20世纪50~70年代,强沙尘暴年与流感爆发年一一对应,沙尘暴可能传播禽流感。     

2005年云南会泽、文山5.3级地震短临预报及再认识

2005年8月5日、8月13日云南会泽、文山分别发生5．3级地震。震前,前兆各学科出现不同程度的异常变化,异常台项达30多项,并呈现非线性上升趋势。据此,震前对这两次地震做出了短临预报。震后对两次地震的震前异常做了进一步分析研究,认为异常主要分布在距离震中20～180km范围内,集中出现在震前2个月。水温异常对发震地点有一定的指示意义。     

黄河三角洲河口段海岸线动态及演变预测

黄河淤积造陆形成黄河三角洲,黄河三角洲地区表层均为第四系全新统松散沉积物,以细颗粒的粉砂为主,呈松散—稍密状态,孔隙度较高,稳定性较差,极易受到海洋动力侵蚀造成海岸蚀退。随着黄河断流天数逐年增多,使黄河来水来砂量逐年递减,在黄河淤积和海洋动力交互或共同影响下,现代黄河三角洲海岸线迅速地发生着淤进蚀退交替的演变。自1976年黄河人工改道走清水沟流路以来,黄河三角洲河口段海岸线总体处于淤进状态。对河口地区1986—2004年间遥感图像进行比较分析,发现有关岸线位置的原始数据间存在近似的二元一次线性相关关系,通过建立回归模型,对2005—2010年河口地区海岸线形态进行了演变预测。预测结果表明,2005—2010年间黄河三角洲原河口沙嘴前端处于蚀退状态,而北汊1流路附近有一直淤进扩张的趋势。     

以流动看世界——基于彼得·阿迪《流动性》的研究述评

“流动”正改变着人们的生存、生活和生产方式。流动性经历了从学科间独立的分散研究,到以地理学和社会学为主导的多学科研究,再转向新流动性范式下的跨学科研究。其中,彼得·阿迪（Peter Adey）的《流动性》（Mobility）（第二版）是一部梳理流动性演变脉络、解读理论并联系案例和方法的力作。因此,文章从流动性研究产生的背景、主要内容、研究方法与运用3个方面凝练该书观点,指出未来研究要跳出以二元对立看问题的思维方式,用一种网络化、关系式和辩证的思维洞察世界,在深度理解流动的意义、政治、实践和媒介基础上进行流动性研究。最后,文章基于国内研究现状,提出未来可以从流动性政治、流动性时空维度、旅游与流动性、流动主体的多元化、流动性研究方法等几个方面展开深入研究。     

新疆S214公路台特玛湖干涸湖盆段风沙危害及防治

新疆S214（考干-米兰,考米线）公路位于库鲁克塔格沙漠东南缘,穿越台特玛湖干涸湖盆。由于该区气候干旱,风力强劲,沙源丰富,流动沙丘广布且快速移动,风沙危害对公路运输构成严重威胁。通过对风沙环境和风沙危害定位观测和土壤水盐特征系统调查,确定了风沙危害极为严重的公路区段,提出了合理的风沙防护措施及防沙体系结构。结果表明：该区具有明显的单风向风况,主要盛行ENE和NE风,偶有反向风沙活动,起沙风频率、输沙势、输沙率极高,属于高能-大比率风能环境;受土壤水分、盐分含量影响,地表紧实度差异较大,部分地段为极疏松的沙层,部分地段为紧实的盐壳;S214公路风沙危害防护区段为K4+900~K18+200,设计建造的阻-固-输相结合的机械-植物复合防沙体系,防沙效果明显,保障了道路安全运营。这一强风沙、高盐区公路防沙体系建设模式可为类似环境地区工程防沙提供借鉴。     

Application of flocculation combined with vacuum preloading to reduce river-dredged sludge

Abstract

To achieve the rapid dewatering of dredged sludge, the flocculation–vacuum-preloading method was tested indoors. In this study, the optimal mixing ratio of six flocculants was determined through the settling column test, and then the proposed method was tested. The water drainage and settlement were monitored during the test, while the soil moisture content and shear strength were measured after the test. The results show that all the flocculants had an optimal mixing ratio, and the addition of 0.8% FeCl₃ or 0.08% anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) in the sludge can better accelerate solid–liquid separation of the sludge. After the test, the water content in the sludge decreased from 140% to 60%. Compared with general vacuum preloading, the use of the proposed method increased the water drainage by 46.5% and 56.8% and decreased the soil volumes by 60.5% and 82.4% for FeCl₃ and APAM, respectively. Moreover, the corresponding shear strength was increased from 10 to 14 and 17?kPa. In addition, the use of APAM increased the solidification rate of heavy metals in the sludge to more than 80%, effectively inhibiting the migration of heavy metals.     

粮食地理学视角下乡村本土农业的社会建构——元阳哈尼梯田稻作系统案例

选取元阳哈尼梯田稻作系统为研究对象,基于粮食地理学的农产品生产-消费网络理论,通过深度访谈等方法分析多元主体在本土农业生产消费领域中的策略及行为,解读其中的社会建构现象。研究发现:农业生产领域中多元参与特征显著,优质稻种的人为筛选、种养品种的多样化以及土地流转的推广均为政府、村民和外来企业为实现各自利益而共同协商达成的策略,不同行动者共同利用与改造着农业生产的各种要素;农产品消费领域中,政府和企业逐步承担了农产品商品化的后续工序,国有资本完成农产品的收购、加工与包装,外来商业资本负责建构商品品牌,满足目标消费者的市场需求是他们的共同目标。     

乌兰布和沙漠东南缘湖泊群消涨与驱动因素

湖泊是对环境变化响应敏感的地理单元,湖泊消长与响应机制研究对维持区域生态系统稳定具有重要意义。基于1999—2018年Landsat、气象、水文和农业种植面积等多种数据,在ArcGIS平台中利用改进归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)及目视修正方法提取了乌兰布和沙漠东南缘湖泊群空间信息,运用统计学方法对主要驱动因子与湖泊消涨的关系进行了分析。结果表明:1999—2018年乌兰布和沙漠东南缘大湖泊(面积大于100 hm²)在面积上占优势,小湖泊(面积小于100 hm²)在数量占优势。趋势分析表明大湖泊面积和数量呈显著性减少趋势(相关系数分别为R=0.624 > R_18,0.01=0.561和R=0.648 > R_18,0.01=0.561);小湖泊减少趋势不显著。在空间分布格局上,研究区中部是大湖泊稳定分布区,大湖泊数量11~23个,面积2 208~4 581 hm²。研究区湖泊消长主要受到年实际引黄水量、农田面积和地下水埋深的影响。其中,实际引黄(河)水量影响所有湖泊(P≤0.01),而农田面积和地下水埋深分别对大湖泊(P≤0.01)和小湖泊(P≤0.05)影响显著。用这3个因子分别构建的多元回归模型显示,在大、小湖泊面积和数量预测方面,精度分别达到75.7%和60.5%以上。     

全球粮食安全格局的时空演化

Food security is the primary prerequisite for achieving other Millennium Development Goals(MDGs).Given that the MDG of“halving the proportion of hungers by 2015”was not realized as scheduled,it will be more pressing and challenging to reach the goal of zero hunger by 2030.So there is high urgency to find the pattern and mechanism of global food security from the perspective of spatio-temporal evolution.In this paper,based on the analysis of database by using a multi-index evaluation method and radar map area model,the global food security level for 172 countries from 2000 to 2014 were assessed;and then spatial autocorrelation analysis was conducted to depict the spatial patterns and changing characteristics of global food security;then,multi-nonlinear regression methods were employed to identify the factors affecting the food security patterns.The results show:1)The global food security pattern can be summarized as“high-high aggregation,low-low aggregation”.The most secure countries are mainly distributed in Western Europe,North America,Oceania and parts of East Asia.The least secure countries are mainly distributed in sub-Saharan Africa,South Asia and West Asia,and parts of Southeast Asia.2)Europe and sub-Saharan Africa are hot and cold spots of the global food security pattern respectively,while in non-aggregation areas,Haiti,North Korea,Tajikistan and Afghanistan have long-historical food insecurity problems.3)The pattern of global food security is generally stable,but the internal fluctuations in the extremely insecure groups were significant.The countries with the highest food insecurity are also the countries with the most fluctuated levels of food security.4)The annual average temperature,per capita GDP,proportion of people accessible to clean water,political stability and non-violence levels are the main factors influencing the global food security pattern.Research shows that the status of global food security has improved since the year 2000,yet there are still many challenges such as unstable global food security and acute regional food security issues.It will be difficult to understand these differences from a single factor,especially the annual average temperature and annual precipitation.The abnormal performance of the above factors indicates that appropriate natural conditions alone do not absolutely guarantee food security,while the levels of agricultural development,the purchasing power of residents,regional accessibility,as well as political and economic stability have more direct influence.